Anatomy Exam 3, Endocrine system

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

infundibulum

Where does the anterior pituitary develop from?

stomodeum, future mouth opening

Where does the posterior pituitary develop from?

hypothalamus

What is anterior pituitary regulated by?

hypothalamic hormones

What is the effect of Corticotropin-releasing hormone

increase secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

What is the effect of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Increase secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What is the effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone

Increase secretion of growth hormone

What is the effect of prolactin-releasing hormone

increase secretion of prolactin

What is the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Increase secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone

What is the effect of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Decrease secretion of growth hormone

What is the effect of prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Decrease secretion of prolactin

What is prolactin-inhibiting hormone also called?

Dopamine

What is a portal system?

portal vessels that link two capillary networks

What are tropic hormones?

hormones that stimulate secretion of other hormones

What do thyrotropic cells secrete?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

What does mammotropic cells secrete?

Prolactin

What does gonadotropic cells secrete?

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What does coricotropic cells secrete?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

What does somatotropic cells secrete?

Growth hormone

Where is the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus?

posterior pituitary

What does the supraoptic nucleus produce?

Antidiuretic hormone

What does the paraventricular nucleus produce?

oxytocin

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

decreases water loss, released in response to a rise in blood solute concentration or drop in blood pressure

What does oxytocin do?

Released in response to sensory nerve stimulation, stimulates smooth muscle contractions

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected by?

isthmus

What is thyroid hormones consist of?

thyroglobulin, iodine

What do thyroid hormones do?

control metabolism, regulate body temperature, heart rate, etc.

What do parafollicular cells do?

produce calcitonin in response to elevated blood calcium, inhibit ostecolasts and stimulates calcium excretion by kidneys

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

secrete calcitriol, in response to low blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts, increased calcium absorption in kidneys

Where is the parathyroid glands?

posterior surface of thyroid gland, four or five

Where are the suprarenal glands?

Sit above the kidney

What does the superficial adrenal cortex do?

stores lipids (cholesterol, fatty acids), manufacture corticosteroids

What does the deep adrenal medulla do?

Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Where is the origin of superficial adrenal cortex?

mesoderm

Where is the origin of deep adrenal medulla?

neural crest cells, ectoderm

What are the three regions of the Adrenal cortex?

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

mineralocorticoids

What is an example of zona glomerulosa?

aldosterone, affect electrolyte composition

What does zona fasciculata produce?

glucocorticoids, affect glucose metabolism

What is an example of zona fasciculata?

cortisol

What does zona reticularis produce?

androgens, promote bone and muscle growth, not important in adult males

What are the two secretory cells in adrenal medulla?

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

What hormone does pineal gland synthesize?

melatonin

What are the functions of melatonin?

inhibit reproductive functions, protect against damage by free radicals, influence circadian rhythms

What does the endocrine pancreas produce?

alpha cells, beta cels, delta and F cells

What does alpha cells produce?

glucagon

What does beta cells produce?

insulin

What does delta and F cells produce?

hormones that influence

When is insulin released?

released by beta cells when blood glucose increases

What does insulin do?

Accelerate glucose uptake, ATP production, stimulate glycogen formation, amino acid absorption, protein synthesis

When is glucagon released?

released by alpha cells in response to low blood glucose

What does glucagon do?

Stimulate breakdown of glycogen and triglycerides, stimulate production of glucose

What is diabetes mellitus?

Excessive urination, excessive glucose in urine

What is type 1 diabetes?

pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, develops in childhood

What is type 2 diabetes?

lack of exercise, poor diet, target cell insensitivity, associated with adult hood

What does adipose tissue produce?

leptin

What does leptin do?

facilitates feedback control for appetite

What is the relation between aging and hormone production?

few functional changes to most endocrine glands, necessary for survival