Exam 3 Nutrition Review

Nutrition through the Lifecycle, Consumer Concerns, Alcohol, Sports Nutrition, ED's

3 primary germ layers

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

Umbilical Cord

Connects fetus to the placenta

Placenta’s size and ability to support growth depends on..

the nutrition of mom

The placenta is

a metabollically active organ that needs energy and nutrients and produces hormones

Finite period

There is a small period of time for cells to develop into tissues or organs and damage during this time has serious consequences

Babies can be born

early (37w-38w+6d), full term (39w-40w+6d), or late (41w-41w+6d)

What is it called when babies are extremely large at birth

Macrosomia

Factors which affect fetal health

Mom’s weight prepreganancy, mom’s weight during pregnancy, moms nutrition, maternal BP, maternal diabetes, age, socioeconomic status, etc

Babies of underweight moms are at risk of

pre term birth, low birth weight, death

Babies of overweight moms are at risk of

being too large, childhood obesity, stillbirth, neural tube and heart defects

Overweight pregnant moms are at risk of

hypertension, diabetes, difficult labor (big baby)

If mom is underweight

needs to gain more than average in pregnancy

If mom is overweight

needs to gain less than average in pregnancy

Components of Weight gain in pregnancy

Maternal fat stores, uterus and breast, blood, fetus placenta and amniotic fluid (heaviest)

Rank trimesters in order of increased caloric need from least to greatest

1st (few), 2nd (350), 3rd (450)

What mineral does the body increase absorption of in pregnancy

Calcium

What vitamins and minerals are crucial in pregnancy

Folate, Calcium, B12, Iron, Zinc

What is important for making DNA and cells

Folate and B12

What is needed for RBC and fetal iron stores

Iron

What is important for baby’s bone and teeth development

Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Fluoride

What things should pregnant moms avoid

Alcohol, Drugs, caffeine, foods that promote illness, high mercury fish, smoking

Exercise is…

safe for most pregnant women, just avoid activities that have high injury risk or may cause overheating

Hypertension

impairs delivery of oxygen and nutrients, may cause preeclampsia and then eclampsia

gestational diabetes

a type of high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy, can cause baby to be too large or have low blood sugar

WIC

provides resources to low income pregnant women, infants, and children <5yrs. Provides healthy food, nutrition education, and BF support

How does lactation work

hormones secreted by the placenta cause milk producing glands to mature and milk ducts to branch

Prolactin

hormone which promotes milk production, is stimulated by birth and suckling

Oxytocin

promoted milk let down from breast, is essential for bonding and calmness

3 types of BM

colostrum, transitional milk, mature milk

Colostrum

immature, rich in protein minerals and vitamin A, has less lactose and contains antibodies (1-5days)

Immature Milk

early days after birth, more fat and lactose (~2 weeks)

Mature Milk

20 kcal/ounce, all nutritional needs except vitamin D and iron

Benefits of BF for mom

contracts uterus, helps weight managment, reduces cancer risk, delays ovulation

Benefits of BF for baby

highest bioavailability and best composition, protects against illness, protects against chronic disease

BF moms need

extra water and 800 extra kcal (only half from diet, rest can come from fat), omega3s, need to consume allergens

Factors which affect BF

obesity, inadequate support, self confidence, breast surgery, metabolism errors

How do we measure weight in childhood

percentile curve, not BMI

Nutrition needs of infants

more kcal/kg than adults, carbs, fats, protein

Composition of BM

main carb: lactose, protein lipids (helps build immune system

Infant formula composition

protein from cow’s milk, lactose, veggie oil, must be iron fortified and there are no antibodies

Specialty Formulas

soy based for lactose intolerance and Hydrolyzed for food allergies

Introduce solids at 6 months

cut up into small pieces, introduce iron rich foods and vit c first, avoid honey and water

Allergy is

an immunologic response, can be detected with antibody testing or food challenge, can cause anaphylaxis, treated with an epipen

Food Intolerance

causes an adverse reaction but no antibody, can be caused by rxn to chemical, digestive disease, enzyme deficiency

Food preferences in childhood

appetite varies, be calm and supportive and allow kids to be involved

Childhood obesity

can pose many health risks, children of obese parents are more at risk, encourage physical activity

Malnutrition in childhood

can cause immune dysfunction, impair growth, school lunch must provide 1/3 of needs

What happens to body comp as you age

lean body mass and bone density decreases and fat increases

What is Sarcopenia

progressive loss of muscle mass with aging

How can sarcopenia be reduced

by being physicaly active (resistance training) and consuming protein

Who is more prone to bone density loss

women b/c of loss of estrogen

Immune function

decreases with Age

Oral changes with age

loss of teeth, reduced saliva, diffuculty swallowing

Digestive Functions

decreased HCL, decreased pepsin, decreased intrinsic factor, harder to absorb and digest B12, calcium, iron, zinc

Nervous System Functions

taste and smell diminish, vision diminished, hearing diminishes, cognition diminishes

Older adults may need more

protein than the average adult

CSFP

distributes free surplus of agricultural products

SNAP

provides nutrition education and supplements the food budget of impoverished families

Child and Adult Food Care program

provides warm meals to child care and adult day care centers

Organic foods cannot be

irradiated, have antibotics, be genetically engineered, have hormones, have sewage sludge, have fertlizer

EPA determines

how much of a pesticide is okay

FDA

tests how much of a pesticide is present and how it affects health

USDA

moniters average residue, informs regulations

Organic IS allowed to

have biological pest managment, crop rotations, composting, manure, organic pesticide and formula

Dirty Dozen has no regard to

dose

Minimize exposure to pesticides by

peeling and washing all fruit, trimming fat, selecting produce with no holes, eating a variety of foods

Irradiation

extends shelf life and controls pathogens (seasonings)

GMO

alters DNA to prevent pests and weeds, prevent disease, increase nutrient density, increase yields

What plants are allowed to be GMO in the US

Alfalfa, apples, canola, corn, cotton, papaya, pink pineapple, potatoes, soybeans, summer squash, sugar beets

People’s concerns about GMOs

gene flow, Bt resistance, loss of genetic diversity

If a food is bioenginnered, it must be

labeled as such

Mercury exposure

happens mainly from fish, avoid big fish and limit fish intake

Arsenic

Occurs naturally in soil, air and water. apple juice and rice are routinely tested. eat a variety of foods to avoid arsenic poisioning!

Food Additives

used to improve freshness and safety, enhance nutritional status, enhance color and flavor, functional

GRAS

food additives that are generally recognized as safe

NOEL

no observable effect level of food additives

indirect additives

leach from packaging and are created at high temps (acrylamide)

Reduce exposure of additices by

use microwave safe containers, avoid styrofoam, don’t use plastic for hot foods

Food Borne illness

higher risk for pregnant, young, old, weak immune system

Foodborne illness often spreads by

feces, infected individuals, cross contamination

danger zone of food

41-135 degrees farenheit

Virus

reproduce in body cells

Parasite

live in or on host organisms

prion

protein that triggers abnormal folding of other proteins

Alcohol

fermented grains, cereals, fruits, milk, potatoes, etc: 7kcal/gm

moderate drinking as defined by the US

1 drink/day for women, 2 drinks/day for men

Binge drinking as defined by the US

4 drinks/day for women, 5 drinks/day for men

One standard drink has

14 grams of pure alcohol (12oz beer, 8 oz malt, 5 oz wine, 1 shot)

Alcohol can be absorbed by

simple diffusion

Alcohol is mainly absorbed in the

Small intestine (80%), 20% stomach

Our body’s priority with alcohol is

to metabolize it , it cannot be stored (toxic!)

Alcohol metabolism pathways

ADH pathway→MEOS pathway

Alcohol is broken down into_ then _

Acetalaldehyde, acetyl co-A

Acetyl co-A from alcohol can become

fatty acids or CO2+H20+energy

The MEOS pathway releases

Toxic byproducts and reactive oxygen species

ADH pathway used for

light to moderate drinking

Alcohol metabolism can be controlled by

how much you drink, usual intake, alcohol content

Uncontrollable aspects of alcohol metabolism

ethnicity, gender, age

BAC is the

amount of alcohol excreted by the lungs

Excessive alcohol intake can cause

brain damage, car accident, heart failure, cancer