History Extended Response

1. Analyse the importance of changes to laws and taxes.

POINTS:

1. Initial reform - August Decrees + DORMAC

   • Complete dismantling of the Ancien Regime, wider support from peoples (peasants, urban workers), legislated and addressed cahier de dolances. TAX 

2. Church Reforms - Civil Constitution of Clergy

   • CCC  quashed the power of the church, ensured unity and centralisation of power.

3. Terror Legislation - Law of 14 Frimarie

   • Law of 14 Frimaire (Dec 1793) - Centralised power in CPS, extinguishing internal threats and protect and maintain power of new regime.

2. Analyse the consequences of reforms to the Church

1. Civil Consti. and Clerical Oath

• In order to secure a new regime, divisions created in society, opposition for and against reforms.

  • REFUSAL, DIVISION

2. Catalyst for Counter Revolution Vendee

• Conscription, raised army.

  • Instruments of the Terror

3. De-Christianisation

• Revolutionary Calendar

• Temple of Reason

3. Analyse the challenges created by the outbreak and course of war.

1. Challenge: Royal Family

• Brunswick manifesto

• Storming of the Tuileries = BOTH removed constitution

2. Challenge: Fear and hysteria

• Public mobalised, September Masarces = TERROR

3. Challenge: Need for arms anger = Counter Revolution

• Vendee Rebelion = CENTRALISING POWER

4. Evaluate the impact of the August Decrees and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

1. AUGUST DECREES

• Abolished fiscal privileges, tithes, tax exemptions

• HOWEVER - NOT EASILY EFFECTIVE

2. DORMAC

• Everyone equal, popular sovereignty, equality under the law

• HOWEVER - Consti. active vs passive, dominance of wealth.

3. TERROR

• Overrode decrees + DORMAC, easily disreguarded

5. Evaluate the extent to which Louis XVI changed society

1. Obstacle for popular sovereignty

• Refused to sign DORMAC = DECREES

• Created October days

2. FLIGHT TO VARENNES

• His positiion to revolution

• Reduced support - ended Consti.

3. ROBSIPERRE!!

• Greater impact - fully changed course of revolution through Terror and CPS.

6. Evaluate the extent of change and continuity experienced by the nobility.

1. Political Change

• ORIGINAL: Comparison of power as second estate - demonstrated by EstatesG.

• CHANGE: Abolition of venality

2. Social Change'

• ORIGINAL: Honorific privileges of nobles

• CHANGE: Abolishment under august decrees and DORMAC

3. Economic Change

• ORIGINAL: Fiscal privileges and tax exemptions, feudal system collecting tithe from peasants. 

• CHANGE:  August Decrees (1789) = abolished all feudal due

Analyse the importance of changes to laws and taxes. POINT 1: AUGUST DECREES AND DORMAC

1: August Decrees and DORMAC:

August Decrees:

•  (5th - 11th August 1789) - cahiers (influenced by 4000 pamphlet) in legislation

• “All forms of the tithe are abolished” (compulsory tax of about 10% of income, paid to Church)

• ABOLISHED: Financial Privileges - Tithes, Tax exemption, The Feudal System, Corporate and Provincial privileges - Venal Offices, Guild restrictions.

DORMAC:

• Passed by National Constituent Assembly on 27^th August 1789 - beginning of Constitution

• People were now citizens with equal rights granted by the Assembly, not subjects of the king.

• “All men are born and remain free and equal in rights” 

• “The source of all sovereignty lies in the nation”

Analyse the importance of changes to laws and taxes. POINT 2: CHURCH REFORM

2: CHURCH REFORMS

Old Church Power:

•  1789 France - 98% 28 million people of the population was Catholic (INFLUENCE) - Church owned 6% land (churches, hospitals schools) DOMINANCE 

• Tax exemptions, privileges to monarch, intrinsically connected to ancien regime.
  

CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY:

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 July 1790) - Limited the number of bishops, made clergy paid employees of the government, requires all members of the clergy to swear an oath 

• Clerical Oath - Bishops required to swear “loyalty to the nation, the law and the king”

• HOWEVER created a conscience crisis - 50% refractory priests refusal - WEAKENDED CONSOLIDATION. Division contributed to counter revolution.

Analyse the importance of changes to laws and taxes. POINT 3: TERROR LEGISLATION

3. TERROR LEGILSATION

LAW OF 14 FRIMAIRE:

• The Law of 14 Frimaire Year II (4 December 1793)

• The Committee of Public Safety was granted full executive powers by the National Convention. “Constitution of the Terror”

• 5 September 1793, the National Convention declared, ‘Let Terror be the order of the Day”

LAW OF SUSPECTS: 

• The Law of Suspects, 17 September 1793

• Granted CPS permission to place all persons suspected of opposing the revolution in custody - legislation behind systematic elimination internal threats posed by counter revolutionists - repressive laws 

2. Analyse the consequences of reforms to the Church for post-revolutionary society. POINT 1: CCC AND OATH

Civil Constitution of the Clergy: 

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy - 12th July 1790 - Passed by National Constituent Assembly

• Transform Catholic church → TO STATE CHURCH.

• Limited the number of bishops, made clergy paid employees of the government, requires all members of the clergy to swear an oath pledging their loyalty to the nation + revolution

**CONSEQUENCE → 

• 13th April 1791 - Pope Pius VI directly condemned the reforms and oath 

• Average refusal rate across all of France was 50% - specifically in Vendee 90%

• Within the Assembly itself, only 44 out of 109 bishops took the oath.

• DIVISION amongst peoples

• “the Catholic church came to be associated with counter-revolution” - Ford

2. Analyse the consequences of reforms to the Church for post-revolutionary society. POINT 2: COUNTER REVOLUTION

Vendee Rebellion:

• Due to anger of clergy treatment (and conscription)

• Vendée - November 1790 - 90% of Priests in this region refused to take the Clerical Oath 

• 1793 Vendeans formed a “Catholic and Royal Army” of between 20,000 and 40,000 rebels.

**CONSEQUENCE MORE→ Pushed instruments of the Terror inflicted by NC. 

“The Vendée is no more” - Westerman CPS.

2. Analyse the consequences of reforms to the Church for post-revolutionary society. POINT 3: DECHRISTIANISATION

3: DE CHRISTIANISATION!!

• Attempt to erase the catholic church from everyday life.

• The Revolutionary Calendar (Oct 1793) - replaced the 7-day week to 10-day "décade"- removing Sundays

• 1794, just under 40,000 churches were closed ,rechristened the ‘Temple of Reason - Including Notre Dame Cathedral.

3. Analyse the challenges created by the outbreak and course of war POINT 1: Royal Family!

1: Royal Family
BRUNSWICK MANIFESTO:

• First Coalition Invading armies sought to protect him until he could be rescued.

• On 25 July 1792 - Brunswick Manifesto - frightened the French to ensure no harm to the royal family. THREATENED PARISIANS.

• “delivering the city of Paris to military punishment and total destruction” 

• BUT OPPOSITE EFFECT - confirmed popular belief Louis was leading a conspiracy against the revolution.

STORMING OF THE TUILLERIES:

• Storming of the Tuileries: 10 August 1792 - 20,000 armed san-culottes and federes

• Effect: 560 Swiss Guards were killed + an unknown civilian number

• Uncontrollable mob of San Culotte = The Constitution of 1791 was abandoned - Royalty confined in Temple Prison. 

• “the revolutionaries chose victims who symbolised the sovereign power of the king…” - Goldhammer

3. Analyse the challenges created by the outbreak and course of war POINT 2: FEAR AND HYSTERIA!

2. FEAR AND HYSTERIA:

Calling on People:

• 16 August 1792, Prussian forces entered France. 19 August, Austrian forces entered France

• Fear and hysteria galvanised people into action

• Posters: ‘To arms, citizens! The enemy is at our gates!

SAN CULLOTTES:

• 2 September 1792, crowds of sans-culottes armed - attacked the prisons

• The massacres continued for four days.

• ONLY ⅓ LEGITIMTE COUNTER REVOLUTIONARIES

• Total: 2700 Jailed Parisian prisoners —> 1200-1400 died.

• Marat demanded, ‘Let the blood of traitors flow. That is the only way to save the country.’ 

CONSEQUENCE → Officially announced TERROR - systematically eliminate all threats to its existence through repressive laws + institutions, in alignment with San Culotte Pressure (law of suspects, law of 14 Frimaire)

3. Analyse the challenges created by the outbreak and course of war POINT 3: VENDEE REBELION!

3. Vendee Rebellion:

• 24th Feb 1793, Convention ordered conscription (300 000 men (a military levée))

  • Riots and protest + Avoidance -(1793 - 1794) increase marriage  by 85000

*VENDEE:

• Trigger for outright rebellion was the military levée of February 1793

• (November 1790 - 90% of Priests refused to take the Clerical Oath )

• June 1793 Vendeans formed a “Catholic and Royal Army” of between 40,000 rebels.

**CONSEQUENCE MORE→ Pushed instruments of the Terror inflicted by NC. 6,000 people (400 children) were executed in the region. Scorched Earth Policy and Noyades drownings.

“The Vendée is no more” - Westerman CPS.

4. Evaluate the impact of the August Decrees and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen POINT 1: AUGUST DECREES

1. August Decrees:

• McPhee‘ the age of privilege and exception was over’

• August Decrees = Night of Patriotic Delirium and Cahiers in legislation

• Signalled the end of the Ancien Regime -Liberty, equality, popular sovereignty replacing structures of absolute monarchy, the estates and the system of privilege

• ABOLISHED: Financial Privileges - Tithes, Tax exemption, Feudal System - Seigneurial Courts

  • HOWEVER: Compensation payable to the seigneur was 25-30% of the year’s dues - almost impossible amount for a peasant or rural community to raise.

  • Still left inefficient system, did not address harvest crisis, (did not reduce hunger)

• Article 1 ‘embarrassing text’ (Douai) → “The N.A abolishes the feudal regime in its entirety”

4. Evaluate the impact of the August Decrees and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen POINT 2: DORMAC

DORMAC:

• Passed by National Constituent Assembly on 27^th August 1789 - beginning of Constitution

• Aligned with principles of enlightenment.

• Promised total equality “All men are born and remain free and equal in rights”. 

  • HOWEVER: Subsequent legislation based on this document created a hierarchy of wealth - Constitution 1791

  • Decree Establishing Electoral and Administrative Assemblies (22 Dec 1789) - Active vs Passive Citizen = defining voting rights. Active citizens = favoured property owners. Again legislated in the 1791 Constitution.

  • Did not create total equality, created bourgeois Power, replaced Birth Aristocracy with the Aristocracy of wealth. McPhee: ‘a statement of bourgeois idealism’

4. Evaluate the impact of the August Decrees and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen POINT 3: TERROR LEGISLATION

3. TERROR

• Article 9 DORMAC “… every man is presumed innocent until declared guilty.

• Article 3 DORMAC "The pThe source of all sovereignty lies … in the nation."

• Law of Suspects, 17 September 1793 - all persons suspected of opposing the revolution were to be placed in custody. BROAD REASONING - even talking about or having associations with counterrevolution were targeted.

• 10 OCTOBER 1793 - Constitution of 1793 suspended— government ‘revolutionary until the peace’

• OVERRIDING FOUNDATIONAL VALUES.

5. Evaluate the extent to which Louis XVI changed society. POINT 1: REFUSAL + OCTOBER

1. Refusal → October Days (mobilisation)

• “Both the August Decrees and the Declaration met with refusal from Louis.’

• 5^th October 1789 - 6000 armed people (women) - marched to Versailles - Louis forced to ratify August Decrees and DORMAC. 

• 6^th October  - Return back to Paris - Crowd (total 60,000 w National Guard) escorting royals 

• ***LOUIS INACTION ALLOWED FOR VIOLENCE TO INFLUENCE POLITICS - inaction lead to deaths, radicalisation of the mob, growing suspicion and rejection of monarchy.

• King and Family contained in Tuileries Palace - prisoners

5. Evaluate the extent to which Louis XVI changed society. POINT 2: Flight to Varennes

1. Flight To Varennes

• 20 JUNE 1791 - Louis and Family fled - feeling as if they were prisoners to the revolution

• Louis LEFT BEHIND A MEMORANDUM justifying departure

• “Come back to your king; he will always be your father’”

• “The monarchy’s funeral procession” (Hazan) 

• Not prepared to be King over a revolutionary state, or renounce his religious belief.

• Between 21 June and end of July the NCA received over 650 letters from across France – these letters expressed ambivalent feelings towards the monarch

• ** NEW CONSTITUTION VULNERABLE - MONARCHY’S POWER DEAD, removal of right to suspensive veto - The Assembly now had full control over government. 

5. Evaluate the extent to which Louis XVI changed society. POINT 1: ROBSPIERRE

1. ROBSPIRERRE:

• Robespierre (1758-1794) was the most significant leader of the French Revolution’s radical period - the driving force behind the Committee of Public Safety and the Terror. 

• Robespierre + colleagues on the CPS made “terror the order of the day”. 

• Created the Law of Suspects (September 1793) - provided a legal basis for the Terror

• Created the Decree on Emergency Government (October 1793) - suspended the constitution and individual rights

• Law of Frimaire (December 1793), centralised government power in the hands of the CPS. 

• CAUSED THE TERROR - MOST VIOLENT PERIOD OR REVOLITION -  1793 and 1794 - 50,000 French citizens executed.

• “Terror is nothing else than justice” Robespierre

6. Evaluate the extent of change and continuity experienced by the nobility. POINT 1: POLITICAL

1. POLITICAL

ORIGINAL:

• Prominence of power in Assembly of Notables (22 Feb -25  May 1787)

• Estates General: Nobility received by the King in the Hall of Mirrors. (MAY 1789)

CHANGE:

• “Venality of judicial and municipal offices is abolished with immediate effect”  

• No longer guaranteed positions by Birth - Revolution replaced birthright with the social ideal of legal equality

• Removal of Class system - no longer influence over politics

• “bourgeois revolution” (Rude)

6. Evaluate the extent of change and continuity experienced by the nobility. POINT 2: SOCIAL

1. SOCIAL

ORIGINAL:

• Hornific privileges - seigneurial seating, honorific privileges of the sword and hunting rights.

CHANGE:

• Abolishment of privileges- DORMAC “All men are born and remain free and equal in rights”

• Lafayette - Well regarded celebrated as a hero 1789 → branded as a traitor 1792. Commitment to constitutional monarchy made his alliance counter revolutionary through the radicalisation of the revolution.  *Lafayette deserted to the Austrians on 17 August 1792, after Louis XVI's execution.

• No longer socially honoured = feared as counter revolutionary - Terror attacks (law of Suspects) - 8% of Terror deaths.

6. Evaluate the extent of change and continuity experienced by the nobility. POINT 3: ECONOMIC

1. ECONOMIC

ORIGINAL:

• Nobility Approx. 1.5% of the population owned roughly 25% to 30% of all land in France.

• Exempt from the taille (the main land tax).

CHANGE

• TAX exemptions were abolished (August Decrees) -  nobility, as the largest landowners, became the largest taxpayers in France.

• TProperties of émigrés (16,000+ nobles who fled) were seized. Only about 7% to 10% of total noble land was actually sold off permanently.

CONTINUITY:

• he Continuity: By 1815, despite the Revolution, the nobility still owned approximately 20% of the land