11 Psychology 101: Intelligence Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts in the Psychology 101 lecture on intelligence, including definitions, theories, historical perspectives, and factors affecting intelligence.

Intelligence

A very general mental capability to think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, reason, plan, solve problems, learn from experience, and acquire new knowledge.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test.

Mental Age

The age level at which a person performs intellectually, indicating their cognitive ability compared to peers.

Chronological Age

The actual age of a person in years.

Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)

The knowledge a person has acquired and the ability to access that knowledge.

Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

The ability to see complex relationships and solve new problems.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A process by which a person's expectations affect their behavior in ways that make the expectation come true.

Stereotype Threat

A psychological burden that arises from the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group.

Eugenics Movement

A movement aimed at improving the genetic quality of a population, often associated with controversial and unethical practices.

Implicit Theories of Intelligence

Beliefs about whether intelligence is a fixed trait or can be developed.

Mindset

An established set of attitudes held by someone, particularly regarding intelligence or ability.

Enrichment

Opportunities for mental stimulation by encountering new information and challenges.

Alfred Binet

French psychologist who invented the first practical intelligence test and developed the concept of IQ.

Lewis Terman

American psychologist known for his work in educational psychology and for the revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test.

Dyad

A pair of individuals, particularly used in discussing genetic correlations in IQ.

Correlation in IQ

The statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables change together.

Environmental Influences

Factors from a person's surroundings that can affect their intelligence and performance.

Cognitive Ability

The mental capacity to think, learn, and remember.

Average Test Score

The mean score achieved by a group on an intelligence test.

Historical Terms for Low IQ

Terms used in the past to classify individuals with low IQ, including moron, imbecile, and idiot.

Malleable Mindset

The belief that intelligence can change and grow with effort and experience.

Academic Bloomers Study

A study which showed that students identified as 'bloomers' by teachers performed better due to teacher expectations.

Genetic Relatedness

The proportion of genes shared between individuals, impacting their similarities in intelligence.

Growth Mindset

The belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through dedication and hard work.

Fixed Mindset

The belief that intelligence and abilities are static and cannot be changed.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical substances that transmit signals in the brain, involved in learning and intelligence.

Hippocampus

A brain region that plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories and learning.

Working Memory

The system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks.

Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices

A non-verbal test used to measure abstract reasoning and fluid intelligence.

Cerebral Dynamics

The processes involved in brain functions related to cognitive tasks.

Neural Plasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections throughout life.

Dual N-Back Task

A cognitive training exercise designed to improve working memory.

Achievement Gap

The disparity in academic performance between groups of students, often influenced by socio-economic factors.

Role Models

Individuals who serve as examples, inspiring others to emulate their success or qualities.

Critical Mass

The minimum number of people required to successfully reach a specific goal, particularly in group dynamics.

Social Comparison

The process of assessing oneself against others to evaluate status or performance.

Stereotypes

Widely held beliefs about a group of people that may lead to oversimplified and generalized views.

Feedback Loops

Processes in which the outputs of a system are circled back and used as inputs.

Educating the Mind

The process of enhancing cognitive abilities and fostering personal growth through learning.

Cognition

The mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Diversity in Intelligence Perception

The variations in how intelligence is viewed across different social and cultural contexts.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Performance Anxiety

The fear of performing poorly in front of others, which can affect cognitive function.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs or values.

Intellectual Performance

The measurable ability to think, learn, and apply knowledge.

Conceptual Knowledge

Understanding of a subject that involves the relationships between ideas and concepts.

Educational Psychology

The study of how people learn and the best practices for teaching.

Feedback in Learning

Information given to learners about their performance to help them improve.

Growth in Academic Contexts

The progress students make in their academic skills and knowledge.

Mindset Triggers

Situations or experiences that prompt an individual to adopt a fixed or growth mindset.

Interactive Learning Techniques

Teaching methods that engage students actively in the learning process.