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Alkanes
simplest hydrocarbons
prefix + ane
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
1 carbon chain prefix
meth-
2 carbon chain prefix
eth-
3 carbon chain prefix
prop-
4 carbon chain prefix
but-
5 carbon chain prefix
pent-
6 carbon chain prefix
hex-
7 carbon chain prefix
hept-
8 carbon chain prefix
oct-
9 carbon chain prefix
non-
10 carbon chain prefix
dec-
if compound has chlorine…
add the prefix “chloro”
if a compound has bromine…
add the prefix “bromo”
alcohol
ends in “ol”
example: ethanol
general form: R-OH

ethers
general form: R-O-R
naming: ___oxy___ane
example: CH3C2H3 (methoxyethane)

Functional isomers
compounds that share the same molecular formula but contain different functional groups
alkenes
general form: CₙH₂
name: ____ene
example: 2-butene

cycloalkanes
functional of alkenes
singly bonded ring
name: cyclo
example: 1,2-dibromocyclopentane

aromatics
always has a benzene ring
prefix + benzene
example: 1,2-dichlorobenzene

aldehyde
r-CHO
functional group is always at the end
prefix + al
known carsinogen
carboxylic acid
R-COOH
prefix + oic acid
can be anywhere in the compound
example: methanoic acid (stings from bees)
ethanoic acid - vineger

Alkyanes
CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
prefix + yne
for triple bonded substances
example: ethyne - (flame torch)

ketone
prefix + one
R-C=O-R’
ex: 2-pentaone

esters
used in perfume
prefix + oate

amine
prefix + ylmine

amide
prefix + ylmide

esterficiation
reaction that helps form esters
formed by alcohol and carboxylic acid
yields ester + water → dehydration synthesis
provides flavor or scent for beverages + perfumes
name: (from alcohol)yl (from carboxylic)oate

combustion
most organic react with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O (if complete combustion)
substitution
a saturated hydrocarbon has one atom and a time replaced by another halogen

addition
unsaturated hydrocarbon breaks bonds and adds often H or halogen atoms at spots where bonds are broken

fluorine prefix
fluoro-
iodine prefix
iodo-
functional isomer
compounds that share the same molecular formula but contain different functional groups

positional isomer
molecules that share the same molecular formula and carbon skeleton, but differ in the physical location of a functional group or substituent along that chain
