intro to biology

metabolism

ability to process food for energy

homeostasis

ability to respond to stimuli and maintain internal stability

cell membrane

a thin, flexible lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that surround the cell and controls what enters and exits the cell

cell wall

the rigid outer layer of a plant cell made mostly of cellulose

centrioles

small, barrel-shaped cylindrical organelles found in most animal cells that help organize microtubules for cell division and cellular structure

chloroplast

an organelle found in a plant cell that converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis

cytoplasm

the thick fluid region inside the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells and between the membrane and nucleus in eukaryotic cells

golgi body

a complex series of vesicles and folded membrane located in the cytoplasm that are involved with intracellular transport

lysosome

a simple spherical structure that contains digestive enzymes that work to destroy viruses, bacteria, and worn out cells

mitochondria

rod-shaped organelles that convert food into energy during cellular respiration so a cell can carry out its functions

nucleolus

an organelle that is contained within the nucleus of a cell and produces ribosomes

nucleus

an organelle that contains the genetic material and controls many functions within a cell

organelle

an individual structure that performs a specific function within the cell

ribosomes

small, grain-shaped organelles of a cell that are contained in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the rough er

rough er

a series of membrane tubes that are located within the cytoplasm of a cell, attached to the nuclear membrane, and studded with ribosomes

smooth er

a series of membrane tubes located within the cytoplasm of a cell

vacuole

a sac-like organelle that stores food, water, and other materials

hypertonic solution

a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the compared environment

hypotonic solution

a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than the compared environment

isotonic solution

the concentration of the external and internal solutions are equal

solute

a substance that is dissolved by another substance

solvent

a substance that is able to dissolve other substance

aquaporin

a specific protein channel that forms pores in the cell membrane that allow water to pass through the hydrophobic middle

concentration gradient

a difference in amount of concentration on either side of a barrier like a cell membrane

endocytosis

a form of membrane transport that uses energy to move large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

exocytosis

a form of membrane transport that uses energy to move large molecules out of cells by engulfing them in a vesicle

facilitated diffusion

a form of membrane transport that does not require the use of energy and uses channels to move substances from a higher to a lower concentration gradient

ion pump

a form of membrane transport that uses energy to move ions across the cell membrane form an area of lower concentration to and area of higher concentration

osmosis

the net movement of water molecules across the cell membrane from a higher to a lower concentration gradient

simple diffusion

a form of membrane transport that does not require the use of energy or the assistance of membrane proteins to move substances from a higher to lower concentration gradient

passive transport

high —> low

active transport

low —>

cholesterol

controls the cell membranes flexibility and retains the cell’s shape, keeping a stable cell

transport protein

allows the molecule it is specific to pass through the bilayer

glycoprotein

determines whether a cell is foreign and helps attach to other cells

phospholipid

made of a hydrophilic polar phosphate head and hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tail, with the heads facing out and the tails facing in

water’s hydrogen bonds

because of its polarity, water easily binds together

hypertonic dehydration

when the salt concentration outside the cell increases to 10% or higher because of water loss