HISTO (F): BLOOD

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C

What specialized connective tissue consists of cells and a fluid extracellular material called plasma?

a. Cartilage

b. Adipose tissue

c. Blood

d. Bone

B

About how many liters of blood move within the circulatory system of an average adult?

a. 10 L

b. 5 L

c. 2 L

d. 8 L

A

Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?

a. Fibrinogen

b. Erythrocytes

c. Leukocytes

d. Platelets

A

What is the pale yellow liquid that remains after blood has clotted?

a. Serum

b. Plasma

c. Lymph

d. Supernatant

B

Which substance is added to collected blood to prevent clotting before centrifugation?

a. Fibrin

b. Anticoagulants

c. Albumin

d. Globulin

C

The volume of erythrocytes in a centrifuged tube (normally 44%) is called the:

a. Buffy coat

b. Serum

c. Hematocrit

d. Plasma

D

Which blood component typically makes up 55% of the total volume in a centrifuge tube?

a. Hematocrit

b. Buffy coat

c. Serum

d. Plasma

B

The thin gray-white layer containing leukocytes and platelets is known as the:

a. Serum

b. Buffy coat

c. Hematocrit

d. Plasma

A

What is the approximate pH of human blood?

a. 7.4

b. 6.8

c. 7.0

d. 8.2

C

Which is the most abundant plasma protein, responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?

a. Fibrinogen

b. Globulin

c. Albumin

d. Prothrombin

D

Which plasma protein polymerizes into insoluble fibers during the clotting process?

a. Albumin

b. Complement

c. Fibronectin

d. Fibrinogen

A

What is the primary solvent in blood plasma (~92% of its volume)?

a. Water

b. Alcohol

c. Lipid

d. Acid

B

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, belong to which class of plasma proteins?

a. a-Globulins

b. B-Globulins

c. Y-Globulins

d. Albumin

B

Which plasma protein class is primarily produced in the liver and includes transferrin?

a. Albumin

b. B-Globulins

c. Y-Globulins

d. Fibrinogen

B

Which dyes are routinely used to stain blood smears?

a. Hematoxylin and Eosin

b. Eosin and Methylene blue

c. Crystal violet and Safranin

d. Silver stain

D

What is the approximate diameter of a human erythrocyte?

a. 15.0 µm

b. 12.5 µm

c. 2.0 µm

d. 7.5 µm

A

Which condition is characterized by an erythrocyte concentration below the normal range?

a. Anemia

b. Erythrocytosis

c. Polycythemia

d. Thrombocytopenia

C

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in which molecule?

a. Albumin

b. Fibrinogen

c. Hemoglobin

d. Spectrin

B

Stacks of red blood cells formed in larger vessels are referred to as:

a. Clots

b. Rouleau

c. Aggregates

d. Thrombi

D

Which protein forms a lattice on the inner surface of the RBC membrane to maintain its shape?

a. Actin

b. Hemoglobin

c. Albumin

d. Spectrin

A

What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte in circulation?

a. 120 days

b. 10 days

c. 30 days

d. 1 year

B

Erythrocytes rely on which process for energy because they lack mitochondria?

a. Aerobic respiration

b. Anaerobic glycolysis

c. Citric acid cycle

d. Beta-oxidation

C

Leukocytes are divided into two main groups: Granulocytes and ________.

a. Erythrocytes

b. Platelets

c. Agranulocytes

d. Lymphocytes

D

Which of the following is a granulocyte?

a. Monocyte

b. Lymphocyte

c. Macrophage

d. Neutrophil

A

The process by which leukocytes leave venules and enter tissues is called:

a. Diapedesis

b. Chemotaxis

c. Phagocytosis

d. Hemostasis

C

What attracts neutrophils toward bacteria during an infection?

a. Diapedesis

b. Phagocytosis

c. Chemotaxis

d. Degranulation

B

What is the normal range for leukocytes per microliter of blood?

a. 150,000–400,000

b. 4,500–11,000

c. 1,000–3,000

d. 3.9–5.5 million

D

Which leukocyte is the most numerous in a normal adult?

a. Lymphocyte

b. Eosinophil

c. Basophil

d. Neutrophil

B

The "drumstick" appendage on a neutrophil nucleus in females represents:

a. A specific granule

b. An inactive X chromosome

c. A mitochondria

d. A nucleolus

C

Azurophilic primary granules in neutrophils are functionally:

a. Ribosomes

b. Golgi bodies

c. Lysosomes

d. Peroxisomes

B

Which enzyme in neutrophils produces hypochlorite to kill bacteria?

a. Lysozyme

b. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)

c. Collagenase

d. Lactoferrin

B

Which protein in neutrophils deprives bacteria of iron?

a. Defensin

b. Hemoglobin

c. Albumin

d. Lactoferrin

B

Yellow fluid consisting of dead neutrophils and bacteria is called:

a. Serum

b. Pus

c. Plasma

d. Lymph

A

Which cell has a bilobed nucleus and large acidophilic granules?

a. Eosinophil

b. Basophil

c. Monocyte

d. Lymphocyte

B

Eosinophils are particularly effective against:

a. Viruses

b. Parasitic helminths

c. Fungi

d. RBCs

B

An increase in eosinophils is often a sign of:

a. Bacterial infection

b. Blood loss

c. High altitude

d. Allergic reactions

A

Which is the rarest type of leukocyte?

a. Basophil

b. Neutrophil

c. Eosinophil

d. Monocyte

B

The granules of basophils contain heparin and _______.

a. Hemoglobin

b. Histamine

c. Iron

d. Albumin

C

Which cell type has surface receptors for IgE and triggers allergic responses?

a. Neutrophil

b. Erythrocyte

c. Basophil

d. Monocyte

B

A lethal systemic allergic reaction is called:

a. Anemia

b. Anaphylaxis

c. Lymphoma

d. Polycythemia

B

Which class of lymphocytes matures in the thymus?

a. B cells

b. T cells

c. NK cells

d. Plasma cells

C

Which agranulocyte is the precursor to macrophages?

a. Lymphocyte

b. Neutrophil

c. Monocyte

d. Basophil

B

What is the typical shape of a monocyte nucleus?

a. Spherical

b. C-shaped or indented

c. Multi-lobed

d. Bi-lobed

C

Platelets originate from which large bone marrow cells?

a. Monoblasts

b. Erythroblasts

c. Megakaryocytes

d. Lymphocytes

B

What is the normal range for platelets per microliter of blood?

a. 4,500–11,000

b. 150,000–400,000

c. 3.9–6.0 million

d. 500–1,000

C

How long is the lifespan of a circulating platelet?

a. 120 days

b. 1 day

c. 10 days

d. 6 hours

A

The light-staining peripheral zone of a platelet is the:

a. Hyalomere

b. Granulomere

c. Buffy coat

d. Rouleau

B

Which platelet system stores Ca²⁺ ions?

a. Open canalicular system

b. Dense tubular system

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Mitochondria

B

Which platelet granules contain serotonin?

a. Alpha granules

b. Delta granules

c. Lambda granules

d. Azurophilic granules

B

Which protein forms the actual structural network of a blood clot?

a. Albumin

b. Fibrin

c. Collagen

d. Globulin

D

Which enzyme dissolves a clot once the vessel is repaired?

a. Thrombin

b. Myeloperoxidase

c. Lysozyme

d. Plasmin

B

Aspirin inhibits coagulation by blocking the synthesis of:

a. Hemoglobin

b. Prostaglandins

c. Albumin

d. Fibrinogen

A

An increased concentration of erythrocytes is called:

a. Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)

b. Leukemia

c. Anemia

d. Hemophilia

C

Most CO₂ is transported in the blood as:

a. Dissolved gas

b. Carbaminohemoglobin

c. Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-)

d. Carbonic acid

A

Which plasma protein is essential for blood defense via the inflammatory response?

a. Complement

b. Albumin

c. Fibrinogen

d. Transferrin

B

Which cell is used by histologists as an "internal standard" for size?

a. Neutrophil

b. RBC (Erythrocyte)

c. Lymphocyte

d. Platelet

C

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called:

a. Carbaminohemoglobin

b. Carboxyhemoglobin

c. Oxyhemoglobin

d. Deoxyhemoglobin

B

Mature erythrocytes cannot replace proteins because they lack:

a. Hemoglobin

b. Nuclei and ribosomes

c. Mitochondria

d. Cell membranes

A

What protein on endothelial cells helps rolling leukocytes slow down?

a. P-selectin

b. Integrin

c. Collagen

d. Fibrinogen

B

Neutrophils are also known as:

a. Agranulocytes

b. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

c. Mononuclear phagocytes

d. NK cells

C

Which neutrophil granules contain defensins?

a. Specific granules

b. Delta granules

c. Azurophilic granules

d. Alpha granules

D

Which cell is typically the first to arrive at an infection site?

a. Macrophage

b. B lymphocyte

c. Basophil

d. Neutrophil

B

"Crystalloid cores" are characteristic of which cell's granules?

a. Neutrophils

b. Eosinophils

c. Basophils

d. Platelets

A

Which hormone can cause a decrease in blood eosinophil counts?

a. Corticosteroids

b. Insulin

c. Adrenaline

d. Estrogen

B

What happens during "secondary aggregation" of platelets?

a. The vessel constricts

b. Platelets release ADP to enlarge the plug

c. Fibrin dissolves

d. RBCs are destroyed

B

Neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes is called:

a. Leukemia

b. Lymphoma

c. Anemia

d. Polycythemia

D

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

a. Neutrophil

b. Eosinophil

c. Basophil

d. Lymphocyte

C

The "granulomere" refers to which part of the platelet?

a. The outer membrane

b. The light peripheral zone

c. The dense central zone

d. The glycocalyx

B

What occurs during clot retraction?

a. Fibrin is dissolved

b. The clot contracts due to actin and myosin

c. Platelets are destroyed

d. Hemoglobin is released

B

Which cell type is similar in function to tissue mast cells?

a. Eosinophil

b. Basophil

c. Monocyte

d. Neutrophil

B

Which lymphocyte type differentiates in the bone marrow?

a. T cells

b. B cells

c. Macrophages

d. Monocytes

B

What are the CD markers used for?

a. Measuring iron

b. Identifying lymphocyte subtypes

c. Determining blood type

d. Measuring glucose

C

Hematocrit levels are usually what percentage in healthy adults?

a. 55%

b. 1%

c. 44%

d. 92%

D

Which of the following is a function of blood?

a. Transport of nutrients

b. Heat distribution

c. Transport of hormones

d. All of the above

A

The biconcave shape of the RBC provides:

a. A high surface-to-volume ratio

b. Room for a nucleus

c. A way to store fat

d. Immobility

B

Which protein carries iron in the plasma?

a. Albumin

b. Transferrin

c. Fibrinogen

d. Hemoglobin

B

An increase in the percentage of each leukocyte type is found in a:

a. Hematocrit test

b. Differential count

c. Serum test

d. Platelet count

B

Which of these is a waste product carried by plasma?

a. Glucose

b. Urea

c. Amino acids

d. Vitamins

B

Platelet factor 4 acts as a chemokine for:

a. RBCs

b. Monocytes and neutrophils

c. Plasma cells

d. Adipocytes

C

What is the main source of most plasma proteins?

a. Spleen

b. Kidneys

c. Liver

d. Heart

A

Which integral membrane proteins in RBCs determine blood type?

a. Glycophorins

b. Spectrins

c. Actins

d. Myosins

B

In high altitudes, the body produces more RBCs to compensate for low oxygen. This is:

a. Anemia

b. Secondary polycythemia

c. Leukemia

d. Thrombosis

C

Which leukocyte has the longest lifespan (sometimes years)?

a. Neutrophil

b. Monocyte

c. Lymphocyte

d. Basophil

A

What happens when blood viscosity increases?

a. Heart strain increases

b. Blood flows faster

c. pH increases

d. Hematocrit decreases

C

Which component makes up 1% of the centrifuged blood volume?

a. Plasma

b. Erythrocytes

c. Buffy coat

d. Serum

C

Major Basic Protein (MBP) is found in the granules of:

a. Basophils

b. Neutrophils

c. Eosinophils

d. Lymphocytes

B

Which process describes the destruction of old RBCs?

a. Diapedesis

b. Hemolysis/Phagocytosis

c. Erythropoiesis

d. Chemotaxis

B

Which cell has a nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume?

a. Monocyte

b. Lymphocyte

c. Basophil

d. Neutrophil

B

Platelets are technically:

a. Whole cells

b. Cell fragments

c. Plasma proteins

d. Bacteria

C

Which of these ions is vital for the clotting cascade?

a. Sodium

b. Potassium

c. Calcium

d. Iron

A

Which platelet granules contain PDGF?

a. Alpha granules

b. Delta granules

c. Lambda granules

d. Azurophilic granules

B

The bluish-gray cytoplasm of a monocyte is due to:

a. Hemoglobin

b. Azurophilic granules

c. Large amounts of DNA

d. Smooth ER

A

Which protein anchors the spectrin lattice to the RBC membrane?

a. Ankyrin

b. Albumin

c. Fibrin

d. Myeloperoxidase

B

What is a thrombus?

a. A white blood cell

b. A blood clot

c. A plasma protein

d. A type of anemia

A

Which type of lymphocyte acts as CD4+ helper cells?

a. T cells

b. B cells

c. NK cells

d. Plasma cells

B

Which leukocyte contains lysosomes as their only granules?

a. Neutrophils

b. Agranulocytes

c. Basophils

d. Eosinophils

B

What is the first sign of RBC senescence?

a. Changing color

b. Decrease in surface oligosaccharides

c. Growing a nucleus

d. Becoming spherical

C

Which granulocyte lacks a specific name-giving dye affinity?

a. Eosinophil

b. Basophil

c. Neutrophil

d. Erythrocyte

A

Which enzyme is found in the specific granules of neutrophils?

a. Lysozyme

b. Myeloperoxidase

c. Hemoglobin

d. Thrombin

B

What is the function of the open canalicular system in platelets?

a. To store oxygen

b. To facilitate release of granule contents

c. To produce ATP

d. To synthesize DNA