Chapter 12 Endocrine System

Growth Hormone (GH)

regulates the growth of the body

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid gland

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates production of ova and sperm

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

pineal gland

located in the brain, secretes melatonin

thyroid gland

Located in the neck, produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

adrenal glands

located on top of each kidney

Epinephrine

Secreted by the adrenal glands, is released during fight or flight responses

Aldosterone

Secreted by the adrenal glands, regulates the body's balance of electrolytes

Cortisol

Secreted by the adrenal glands, the body's natural steroid that decreases inflammation

Androgens

Secreted by the adrenal glands, secondary sex hormones in females and males

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Diabetes not requiring the use of insulin injections

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Diabetes requiring the use of insulin injections

thymus gland

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

Gonads

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

Estrogen

Develops secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts and pubic hair

Progesterone

prepares uterus for pregnancy and supports the developing fetus

Testosterone

Develops male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice and increased muscle development

negative feedback system

a process that results in a response that reverses the original stimulus

Acr/o

extremities

aden/o

gland

Adren/o

adrenal gland

Adrenal/o

adrenal gland

Calc/o

Calcium

Home/o

sameness

hydr/o

water

Kal/i

Potassium

Natr/o

Sodium

Pancreat/o

pancreas

Parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

Thym/o

thymus

Thyr/o

thyroid

Thyroid/o

thyroid gland

Toxic/o

poison

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

BMI

body mass index

BMR

basal metabolic rate

Ca

Calcium

CA

cancer

DI

diabetes insipidus

DKA

diabetic ketoacidosis

DM

diabetes mellitus

FBG/FBS

fasting blood glucose, fasting blood sugar

FSBS

finger stick blood sugar

GH

growth hormone

GTT

glucose tolerance test

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

IDDM

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

K

Potassium

Na

Sodium

NIDDM

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2)

PTH

parathyroid hormone

T3 and T4

thyroid hormones

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

Acromegaly

Type of hyperpituitarism in which an overactive pituitary gland after adulthood causes abnormal continued growth of bones and tissues

Addison Disease

Illness characterized by gradual adrenal-gland failure, resulting in insufficient production of steroid hormones and the need for HRT

Congenital hypothyroidism

Congenital condition of thyroid hormone deficiency, characterized by arrested physical and mental development

Cushing Disease

Overproduction of ACTH, which stimulates hypersecretion of the adrenal gland. Symptoms include: altered fat distribution, hyperkalemia, cervicodorsal fat (buffalo hump), thin skin, muscle weakness, and depression

Diabetes insipidus

Disorder related to diabetes mellitus, characterized by excessive output of dilute urine

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Condition of severe hyperglycemia

Diabetes mellitus

the pancreas either does not secrete insulin or secretes insufficient amounts of insulin, or the body is insulin resistant

Exopthalmos

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes that begins during pregnancy due to insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism

Goiter

Enlarged thyroid gland

Graves' disease

Hyperthyroidism and causes exophthalmos

Hasimoto thyroiditis

Chronic, inflammatory condition that causes decreased production of thyroxin and leads to the most common type of thyroiditis

Hirsutism

Male pattern of body hair development on females

Hyperaldosteronism

Condition in which the adrenal glands release excessive aldosterone (Conn syndrome)

Hyperparathyroidism

Condition in which the parathyroid glands produce an excessive amount of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hypoparathyroidism

Condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little amount of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Myxedema

Severe form of hypothyroidism that develops in the older child or adult, causing nonpitting edema in connective tissue.

Nondiabetic hypoglycemia

When a non-diabetic person experiences mild symptoms associated with low blood glucose

Panhypopituitatism

Condition resulting from diminished secretion of pituitary hormones; also called underactive pituitary gland

pheochromocytoma

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (central part of the adrenal gland), usually benign but sometimes causing fluctuation of stress hormones like adrenaline

Pituitary dwarfism

Type of hypopituitarism in which reduced growth and development occur due to deficiency in GH as a child

Polydipsia

Increased thirst

Polyphagia

Increased appetite

Polyuria

Increased urinaiton

Precocious puberty

Premature onset of puberty with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics

Retinopathy

Disease of the retina, often caused y diabetes

Thyrotoxicosis

Severe episode of worsening symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Average blood glucose (eAG)

Reflection of the average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months reported by the same units: correlates to HbA1c levels

FBG

Test of blood glucose levels after a fast of 8 to 12 hours, used to screen for diabetes

Finger stick blood sugar (FSBS)

Measures blood glucose from a drop of capillary blood obtained by pricking the finger

HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) test

Reflection of the average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months by measuring the amount of hemoglobin with sugar attached to it

Radioactive iodine uptake

Nuclear medicine study that measures how much radioactive iodine is in the thyroid gland

Thyroid function test

Measures levels of TSH, T3 and T4

Thyroid scan

Radiographic evaluation of the thyroid after a radioactive substance is injected