Introduction - Chapter 1

anatomy

study of the structures of the body, their forms, organization, and where they are in relation to one another

physiology

describes how body structures work; considered the function of the body part

N

nerve

nn

nerves

A

artery

aa

arteries

V

vein

vv

veins

M

muscle

mm

muscles

mmHg

pressure, an application of force on an object or substance

Na+

sodium

K+

potassium

Ca++

calcium

Fe

iron

RBC

red blood cell

WBC

white blood cell

Ds

disease

S/S

signs and symptoms

Neph

think kidney

Hep

think liver

Cardio

think heart

Respira

think lungs

osteo

think bones

adeno

think glands

adreno

think suprarenal glands

ortho

think joints

myo

think muscle

organelles

structures within cells that carry out specific activities

organelles

mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and the nucleus are examples of what level or organization?

cell

the basic unit or structure of life; the smallest independent unit of life

tissue

groups of specialized cells that come together in layers or masses

tissue

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous are 4 major types of what level or organization?

organ

two or more tissue types in a structure, different types of cells coming together to form complex structures with specialized functions

organ

viscera is another name for what level organization?

organ

skin, stomach, liver, heart, and the brain are examples of what level or organization?

system

groups of organs coming together to accomplish similar tasks

system

skeletal, digestive, and respiratory are examples of what level or organization?

organism

the human body

movement

change in position of the body or body parts; motion of an internal organ (skeletal muscles, peristalsis)

responsiveness

reaction to a change inside or outside the body (nervous and endocrine system)

growth

increase of body size without change of shape

reproduction

production of a new organism (sexual reproduction) or new cells (mitosis)

respiration

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from food (respiratory system, cellular metabolism)

digestion

breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used (digestive system)

absorption

the passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

circulation

movement of substances in body fluids (cardiovascular systems)

assimilation

changing of absorbed substances into different chemical formulas

excretion

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions, or those things that cannot be absorbed from digestion (digestive and urinary systems)

H2O

the most abundant substance in the body, it is required for metabolic processes, provides our environment in which most of our cellular processes take place, transport of most of our substances, it also is important for regulating body temperature (it holds heat)

food

yields energy in kcals and provides nutrients (building blocks) for body processes. Protein for muscles, sugars provide energy and glycogen, and fats provide protection, transport molecules, and cell membranes

O2

needed for cellular metabolism, transported in blood by hemoglobin and delivered to cells to unlock the energy potential of the foods we eat

heat

catalyzes processes, produces by the sun or an artificial source, by breaking down nutrients via chemical reactions, and by shivering

metabolism

obtaining and using energy via chemical reactions within the body/cells

anabolism

building up; the use of energy and smaller molecules to form larger ones

catabolism

the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones; this process lets us use the smaller molecules to build other things and releases energy

homeostasis

bodies maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite constant changes in the external environment, requires most of our metabolic energy

receptors

provides info about a stimulus or change in the internal (and external) environment

control center

tells us what a particular value should be, determines the set point

control center

thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors are examples of what function of homeostasis?

effectors

usually muscles or glands, elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

effectors

shivering and sweating are examples of what function of homeostasis?

negative feedback loops/mechanisms

used to control homeostatic responses, deviation from a set point initiates an action, this action is meant to cause physiological activities to correct the unwanted change, once corrected the action ceases

positive feedback loops/mechanisms

promotes further change from a normal set point, usually short lived

positive feedback loops/mechanisms

blood clotting and labor are examples of what type of feedback loop/mechanism?

appendicular

appendages (arms and legs) are apart of what division of the body?

axial

the head, neck, and trunk are a part of what division of the body?

cranial cavity

what cavity is within the skull and houses the brain?

spinal cavity

what cavity contains the spinal cord and vertebrae?

thoracic cavity

what cavity contains the lungs and the region between the lungs called the mediastinum which contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus?

abdominal cavity

what cavity contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines

pelvic cavity

what cavity is a portion of the “abdominopelvic cavity” which is enclosed by the pelvic bones. It contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs

viscera

what are the organs called that are housed within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

membrane

a thin layer of tissue covering a surface or lining a cavity, space, or organ

serous membrane

this lines the wall of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities. Its function is to decrease friction by secreting a slippery fluid (lubricant)

pleural membranes

this membrane is found in the thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

attached to and lines the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

attached to and lines the organs inside of the thoracic cavity

peritoneal membranes

which membranes are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

parietal peritoneum

attached to and lines the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

attached to and lines the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

mediastinum

the space within the thoracic cavity where the heart is located

pericardial sac

the protective structure surrounding the heart

visceral pericardium

the membrane the covers the heart itself

pericardial cavity

the cavity that houses the fluid around the heart

parietal pericardium

membrane that is in between the pericardial cavity and the fibrous pericardium

fibrous pericardium

the third layer of the heart’s protection

pleuritis/peritonitis/pericarditis

when friction occurs amongst the moving organs in the respective space, due to infected or irritated serous membranes

integumentary system

includes the skin and accessory organs such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. It protects underlying tissue, it regulates temperature, the first line of defense against microbes, vitamin D production

skeletal system

offer support, it’s made up of the bones as well as ligaments and cartilage, it stores inorganic salts and minerals, it produces blood cells, it is an attachment point for muscles

nervous system

the communication system made up of nerve cells that send electrochemical signals to each other with muscles and glands. it picks up sensations and causes effects or actions

Central Nervous System (CNS)

this nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

this nervous system consists of all the nerves coming out of the spinal cord

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

this nervous system controls things such as heat rate, contractility, and digestive function

Sympathetic Nervous System

fight or flight

Parasympathetic Nervous System

rest, sex, and digest

Endocrine System

this system secrete messages (hormones) manufactured in glands into the body fluids (usually the blood). The effect of these hormones is to change the metabolic activity of target cells. The effects usually occur over a longer period than the nerve chemical messengers.

Endocrine System

this system is comprised of these organs/glands: pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal’s/adrenals, and gonads

Cardiovascular System

in this system the heart acts as a muscular pump carrying blood to the body through the vessels. Blood carries nutrients, hormones, and O2 to the tissues and takes waste away from the tissues to be excreted

Cardiovascular system

this system consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood