Module 14

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Last updated 1:45 PM on 6/24/26
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11 Terms

1
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Type 1 diabetes

  • Insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed by an autoimmune process

  • Requires insulin

  • Onset is acute before 40 years

  • Manifestations occur when pancreas can no longer produce insulin

2
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Type 2 diabetes

  • Insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function result in decreased insulin production

  • slow, progressive glucose intolerance

  • Treated initially with diet and exercise

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Type 1 diabetes clinical manifestations

  • Polyuria

  • Polydipsia

  • Polyphagia

  • Weight loss

  • Weakness

  • Fatigue

  • Ketoacidosis

4
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Type 2 diabetes clinical manifestations

  • nonspecific—classic symptoms of type 1 may manifest

  • Fatigue

  • Recurrent infection

  • Recurrent vaginal yeast or candida infection

  • Prolonged wound healing

  • visual problems

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Diabetes diagnostic findings

  • A1C 6.5% or higher

  • FPG >126 MG/DL

  • Hyperglycemia symtoms—random plasma glucose >200

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Type 2 Diabetes nutrition therapy

  • Moderate weight loss

  • Appropriate serving sizes

  • Reduced saturated and trans fats

  • Spacing meals

  • Regular exercise

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Hypoglycemia

  • Cold, clammy skin

  • Numbness in fingers, toes, and mouth

  • Tachycardia

  • Emotional changes

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis

  • Caused by profound deficiency of insulin

  • Characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, dehydration

  • More likely in type 1

  • Sugar 250-500+

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DKA clinical manifestations

  • Polydipsia

  • Headache

  • Nausea/vomiting/abd pain

  • polyuria

  • Leg cramps

  • Confusion, ketotic breath

  • Kussmaul breathing

  • Tachycardia, hypotension, dehydration

10
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DKA emergency management

  • Ensure patent airway, administer o2

  • Establish IV access; begin fluid resuscitation to correct electrolyte imbalance

    • NACL 0.45% or 0.9%; add 5%-10% dextrose when glucose approaches 250

  • Monitor and replace potassium before insulin therapy

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia syndrome

  • Type 2 diabetes; over age of 60

  • Able to make enough insulin to prevent DKA but still have severe hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and ECF depletion

  • sugar 600+

  • Slower onset, stable potassium