Exam 1 ISU Bsc 101 Wodika (part 4 - chapteres 15,16,17,18)

vertebrates

An animal with a bony or cartilaginous backbone.

descent with modification

Darwin’s term for evolution, combining the ideas that all living things are related and that organisms have changed over time

fossil record

An assemblage of fossils arranged in order of age, providing evidence of changes in species over time.

rediometric dating

The use of radioactive isotopes as a measure for determining the age of a rock or fossil.

relative dating

Determining the age of a fossil from its position relative to layers of rock or fossils of known age.

invertebrates

An animal without a backbone.

tetrapods

A vertebrate animal with four true limbs—that is, jointed, bony appendages with digits. Mammals, amphibians, birds, and reptiles.

homology

Anatomical, genetic, or developmental similarity among organisms due to common ancestry.

vestigial structures

A structure inherited from an ancestor that no longer serves a clear function in the organism that possesses it.

biogeography

The study of the distribution of organisms in geographic space.

continental drift

The movement of the continents relative to one another over time.

plate tectonics

The theory that the continents are part of large sections, or plates, that sit atop Earth’s mantle and that move around and collide due to heat convection currents in the underlying mantle.

convergent evolution

The process by which organisms that are not closely related evolve similar adaptations as a result of independent episodes of natural selection.

taxonomy

The identification, naming, and classification of organisms on the basis of shared traits.

mammals

Members of the class Mammalia; all members of this class have mammary glands and a body covered with hair.

phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

phylogenetic tree

A branching diagram of relationships showing common ancestry.

domains

The highest (most inclusive) category in the modern system of classification. There are three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

bacteria

One of the two domains of prokaryotic life; the other is Archaea.

flagella

In bacteria, long, slender appendages extending from some bacterial cells, used in movement of the cell.

pili

Short, hairlike appendages extending from the surface of some bacteria that enable them to adhere to surfaces.

capsule

A sticky coating surrounding some bacterial cells that adheres to surfaces.

symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live together, often interdependently.

pathogens

A disease-causing agent or organism.

archea

One of the two domains of prokaryotic life; the other is Bacteria.

protists

A eukaryote that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungus; usually unicellular.

secondary metabolites

Chemicals produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth or reproduction but that help protect the plant by their impacts on other organisms.

nonvascular plants

A plant that lacks vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients through the plant body.

vascular plants

A plant with tissues that transport water and nutrients through the plant body. ferns were the frist

gymnosperms

A seed-bearing plant with exposed seeds typically held in cones. first seed plants

angiosperms

A seed-bearing flowering plant with seeds typically contained within a fruit.

mycelium

A spreading mass of interwoven hyphae that forms the often subterranean body of multicellular fungi.

fruiting body

A fungal structure that is specialized for the release of spores.

radial symmetry

The pattern exhibited by a body plan that is circular, with no defined left and right sides.

bilateral symmetry

The pattern exhibited by a body plan with right and left halves that are mirror images of each othe

arthropods

An invertebrate having a segmented body, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. first animals to take step on land

exoskeleton

An external skeleton; in arthropods, the exoskeleton is made up of proteins and chitin.

endoskeleton

An internal skeleton;

mollusk

An invertebrate with a soft, unsegmented body enclosed in a hard shell.

annelids

An invertebrate with a soft, segmented body; are commonly referred to as worms.