dna structure and genome organization

transcription

The process by which the information in a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence

translation

The process by which the sequence of an mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to synthesize a corresponding polypeptide or protein.

replication

The process by which a DNA molecule makes a copy of itself, ensuring genetic information is passed on during cell division.

cytoplasm

in prokaryotes, the DNA is located in the __________

nucleus

in eukaryotes, the DNA is located in the _________

DNA

Oswald avery’s experiment showed us that _____ is the genetic material in the cell

smooth cells

cells with a polysaccharide capsule, relatively large, and no defined structure

rough cells

cells with no polysaccharide capsule, therefore appearing rough

heating

avery’s experiment started by ______ up the smooth cells to kill them and obtain their extract

DNase, Protease, RNase

the three options that the extract was treated in the experiment

DNase

the results showed that only when the R cell was treated with _______, the R cell did not transform into an S cell, proving that DNA was the genetic material

adenine and guanine

list the purines

cytosine, uracil, thymine

list the pyrmidines

nucleotides

DNA and RNA are comprised of __________

phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base

a nucleotide includes these three components:

phosphodiester linkage

the strong covalent bond that connects nucleotides

• 3’ OH of 1 nt to the 5’ phosphate of the next nt

1) concentrations of A = T and G = C

2) base composition varies between species

3) base composition is the SAME in different cells within an individual organism

4) base composition does NOT change with age, environment, and nutrition

chargaff’s rules

helical

photo 51 by Rosalind franklin highlighted the __________ aspect of the DNA structure

dNMP

repeating unit of DNA

hydrogen

the two chains in DNA interact through ________ bonding

same

the sugar phosphate backbone stays the _______ throughout the entirety of the DNA molecule

denaturing

the process of separating two DNA strands

melting temp

the temperature at which 50% of the DNA is denatured

annealing

the process of DNA strands coming back together and binding via A-T and G-C in an antiparallel fashion

B-DNA

main conformation of DNA

• right-handed helix

• base pairs flat and perpendicular to the backbone

• hydrophobic bases hidden in the interior of the backbone

A-DNA

dehydrated DNA

• seen in RNA-DNA hybrid molecules

• right-handed helix

Z-DNA

extremely rare conformation of DNA

• seen in regions of high G-C content

• left-handed

single, ribose, U

the structure of RNA is ________ stranded, has a ________ sugar, ______ replaces Thymine (T)

antiparallel

when RNA base pairs with another strand or itself, it forms __________ regions

secondary, tertiary

RNA can form ________ and __________ structures by internal base pairing within an RNA strand

5’ to 3’

what direction is DNA/RNA synthesized?

gene

segment of DNA encoding something functional (RNA or protein) that also has regulatory elements

genome

complete set of genetic material

chromosome

dna molecules associated with proteins that contain many genes and organize genetic material in the cell

46

human cell contains ___ linear chromosomes with ends

fixed

positions of genes are _______

T

T or F: every single cell has the same exact genome in our body