Global Final

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth beginning in Great Britain in the late 1700s that transformed economies from agricultural to industrial.

England (Industrial Revolution)

First nation to industrialize because of coal, iron, rivers, colonies, capital, and a stable government.

Geography & Natural Resources

Coal powered factories and steam engines; iron was used for machinery, railroads, and construction.

Agricultural Revolution

Improvements in farming that increased food production and created a larger workforce for factories.

Spinning Jenny (1764)

Textile machine invented by James Hargreaves that increased thread production.

Steam Engine (1769)

Improved by James Watt; provided power for factories, trains, and ships.

Factory System

Method of production where workers and machines were brought together in factories.

Textile Mills

Factories that produced cloth and textiles using machines.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Socio-Economic Shift

Change from farming economies to industrial economies with growing middle and working classes.

Laissez-Faire

Economic policy that government should not interfere in business or the economy.

Adam Smith

Economist who supported laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

1848 Revolutions

Nationalist and liberal uprisings across Europe that sought reform and national unity.

Germany (1848)

German states experienced revolutions that inspired later unification.

Karl Marx

German philosopher who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto and promoted communism.

Communist Manifesto (1848)

Book by Marx and Engels arguing that workers should overthrow capitalism.

Socialism

Economic system in which government controls major industries to reduce inequality.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation's power through political, economic, or military control of other territories.

Social Darwinism

Idea that stronger nations naturally dominate weaker nations; used to justify imperialism.

Suez Canal (1869)

Waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, shortening travel between Europe and Asia.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

German emperor who expanded Germany's navy and increased tensions with Britain before WWI.

Irish Question

Debate over whether Ireland should have self-government from Britain.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Meeting where European powers divided Africa without African participation.

Scramble for Africa

Rapid European colonization of Africa in the late 1800s.

Artificial Borders

Boundaries created by European powers in Africa without regard to ethnic groups.

Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

Indian revolt against British rule that led Britain to take direct control of India.

British Raj

Period of direct British rule in India from 1858 to 1947.

Sphere of Influence

Area in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges.

China Imperialism

Foreign powers gained economic control over parts of China during the 1800s.

Opium Wars (1839-1842)

Wars between Britain and China over Britain's opium trade.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Treaty ending the Opium War; China ceded Hong Kong and opened ports to Britain.

Hong Kong

Territory given to Britain after the Opium War.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Massive Chinese civil war that weakened the Qing Dynasty.

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion.

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

Chinese uprising against foreign influence.

MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

Militarism

Policy of building strong armed forces and preparing for war.

Alliances

Agreements among nations to support one another in war.

Imperialism (WWI Cause)

Competition among European powers for colonies.

Nationalism

Strong pride and loyalty to one's nation.

Balkans

Region in southeastern Europe known as the 'Powder Keg of Europe.'

Powder Keg of Europe

Nickname for the Balkans because of ethnic tensions and nationalism.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination sparked WWI.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group connected to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Gavrilo Princip

Assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

World War I (1914-1918)

Global conflict between the Allied (Britain, France, Russia (until 1917), Italy (from 1915), United States (from 1917) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria).

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan to quickly defeat France before fighting Russia.

Belgium

Neutral nation invaded by Germany, causing Britain to enter WWI.

Italy in WWI

Originally allied with Germany but joined the Allies in 1915.

Trench Warfare

Fighting from deep trenches that led to stalemate.

Stalemate

Situation in which neither side can gain an advantage.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German policy of sinking ships without warning.

Zimmermann Telegram

German message encouraging Mexico to attack the United States.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

Agreement that removed Russia from WWI.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Peace treaty ending WWI that punished Germany.

War Guilt Clause

Article 231 placing blame for WWI on Germany.

Reparations

Payments Germany was required to make after WWI.

League of Nations

International organization created to maintain peace after WWI.

League of Nations Failure

Weak because the U.S. never joined and it lacked military power.

Russian Revolution (1917)

Revolution that overthrew the Russian government and brought communists to power.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of Soviet Russia.

Bolsheviks

Communist group led by Lenin.

Russian Civil War (1918-1922)

Conflict between the Red Army and White Army.

Red Army

Communist forces in the Russian Civil War.

White Army

Anti-Communist forces supported by foreign nations.

Soviet Union (1922)

Communist state formed after the Russian Civil War.

Dawes Plan (1924)

American loan program that helped Germany recover economically.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

International agreement that outlawed war.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader who industrialized the USSR and expanded government control.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's programs to rapidly increase industrial production.

Collectivization

Stalin's policy of combining farms under government control.

Balfour Declaration (1917)

British statement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Appeasement

Policy of giving concessions to aggressive nations to avoid war.

Munich Agreement (1938)

Agreement allowing Hitler to annex part of Czechoslovakia.

Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to attack each other.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Another name for the Non-Aggression Pact of 1939.

Invasion of Poland (1939)

German attack that began World War II.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

U.S. program supplying Allied nations with war materials.

Pearl Harbor (1941)

Japanese attack that brought the United States into WWII.

World War II (1939-1945)

Global conflict between the Axis and Allied Powers.

D-Day (1944)

Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

Harry Truman

U.S. president who approved the use of atomic bombs against Japan.

Atomic Bombs (1945)

Weapons dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that helped end WWII.

Holocaust

Nazi genocide that murdered approximately six million Jews.

Jewish Problem

Nazi propaganda blaming Jews for Germany's difficulties.

Kristallnacht (1938)

Anti-Jewish attacks known as the 'Night of Broken Glass.'

Final Solution

Nazi plan to systematically murder European Jews.

Concentration Camp

Prison camp used by Nazis to detain and persecute people.

Yalta Conference (1945)

Meeting where Allied leaders discussed postwar Europe.

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Meeting after Germany's surrender that increased U.S.-Soviet tensions.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. president during most of WWII.

Winston Churchill

British prime minister during WWII.

Marshall Plan (1948)

U.S. program providing economic aid to rebuild Europe.

Cold War (1945-1991)

Political and ideological conflict between the United States and Soviet Union.

Containment

U.S. policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy of supporting countries resisting communism.

NATO (1949)

Military alliance formed by Western nations during the Cold War.

Communism

Economic and political system where property is publicly owned and classes are eliminated.