LEARNING EXAM 4

1. Animal cognition is most correctly defined as

a. the application of stimulus-response learning to explain complex chains of behavior.

b. the use of voluntary or conscious reflection to direct behavior.

c. the use of an internal representation, or model, of some past experience as a basis for behavior.

d. the use of overt classically or instrumentally conditioned responses to direct behavior.

c. the use of an internal representation, or model, of some past experience as a basis for behavior.

Which of the following is true of the "internal representations" discussed in the study of animal cognition?

a. Like gravity, they are a theoretical construct.

b. They are investigated in some laboratories by "looking" into the central nervous system.

c. They are investigated in some laboratories by "looking" into the peripheral nervous system.

d. They reflect conscious reflection on a past experience.

a. Like gravity, they are a theoretical construct.

Which of these relationships is not assumed to reflect animal cognition?

a. S-O

b. S-R

c. R-O

d. S(R-O)

b. S-R

Cognitive mechanisms are used to explain animal behaviors when

a. classical conditioning mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.

b. instrumental conditioning mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.

c. discriminative stimulus mechanisms are used to describe behavior.

d. S-R mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.

d. S-R mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.

Of the following behaviors, which would not be included in a study of animal cognition by experimental psychologists?

a. consciousness

b. forgetting

c. stimulus coding

d. cognitive maps

a. consciousness

Learning is not possible without memory. However, studies of learning do differ from those of memory. For example, in most studies of learning, ___________ , but in studies of memory, ____________ .

a. retention intervals vary; the retrieval phase is varied

b. the retrieval phase varies; the acquisition phase is varied

c. the acquisition phase varies; retention intervals are varied

d. retention intervals vary; the acquisition phase is varied

c. the acquisition phase varies; retention intervals are varied

In studies of learning, which stage of an experiment is usually varied?

a. retrieval

b. acquisition

c. retention

d. stimulus coding

b. acquisition

In studies of memory, which stage of an experiment is usually held constant?

a. retrieval

b. retention

c. acquisition

d. trace-delay

c. acquisition

Your friend has volunteered for a psychology demonstration. She will be taught a list of words while wearing SCUBA gear at the bottom of a pool, and then she will be asked to remember the words when she returns to class. This demonstration is most likely exploring

a. retention.

b. acquisition.

c. spatial memory.

d. retrieval.

d. retrieval.

Steve is taught to work a difficult maze. The time it takes for him to work the maze is tested one day, three days, and ten days after training. This is likely a study of

a. retrieval.

b. retention.

c. acquisition.

d. extinction.

b. retention.

Susan, Debra, and Sally are serving as subjects in a psychology experiment. Each will be taught to ride a bicycle. Susan will be taught by an expert instructor, Debra will be taught by a video demonstration, and Sally will be given a book on bicycles. The amount of time it takes each student to learn to ride will be recorded. This is likely a study of

a. retrieval.

b. retention.

c. acquisition.

d. spatial memory.

c. acquisition.

Items in working memory

a. are, by definition, held there only long enough to complete a given task.

b. are held only for a short (10-25 seconds) time.

c. are held for a long time, and are necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information.

d. are useful only when other means of behavior acquisition fail.

a. are, by definition, held there only long enough to complete a given task

Reference memory is

a. a store of items held only long enough to complete a given task.

b. long term retention of information necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information.

c. short (10-25 seconds) term retention of information used for comparisons to items in long-term memory

d. defined as memory for items located in space.

b. long term retention of information necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information.

In what order are stimuli usually presented in a delayed matching to sample task?

a. sample stimulus; delay; test stimuli; start cue

b. sample stimulus; test stimuli; delay; start cue

c. start cue; delay; sample stimulus; test stimulus

d. start cue; sample stimulus; delay; test stimulus

d. start cue; sample stimulus; delay; test stimulus

In a delayed matching to sample task, what event immediately precedes presentation of the test stimuli?

a. a sample stimulus presentation

b. a start cue

c. a delay interval

d. a discriminative stimulus presentation

c. a delay interval

To receive reinforcement in a delayed matching to sample task, an organism must select

a. a test stimulus that is identical to the sample stimulus.

b. a sample stimulus that is identical to the test stimulus.

c. a test stimulus that is identical to the start cue.

d. a sample stimulus that is identical to the start cue.

a. a test stimulus that is identical to the sample stimulus.

17. Which of the following is not a factor that determines performance in a delayed matching to sample task?

a. the duration of the delay

b. the duration of the sample presentation

c. the nature of the stimulus to be remembered

d. None of the above; all are important determinants of performance.

d. None of the above; all are important determinants of performance.

To increase the likelihood that your subjects will make correct responses in a delayed matching to sample task, you should

a. present the sample for a brief period, followed by a short delay.

b. present the sample for a long period followed by a long delay.

c. present the sample for a long period followed by a short delay.

d. present the sample for a brief period followed by a long delay.

c. present the sample for a long period followed by a short delay.

Which factor has been shown to influence performance in a delayed-matching-to-sample task?

a. the delay interval

b. using a signaled large reward versus small reward

c. switching from a signaled small to a large reward during the retention interval

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a general rule?

a. Select red after exposure to red.

b. Select blue after exposure to yellow.

c. Select horizontal lines after exposure to vertical lines.

d. Select a stimulus that is the same as the sample.

d. Select a stimulus that is the same as the sample.

In order for a rat to transfer learning from one set of stimuli in a matching to sample task to another set of stimuli, the rat must learn

a. an S-R relationship.

b. an R-O relationship.

c. an S(R-O) relationship.

d. a general rule.

d. a general rule.

A trials-unique procedure results in an organism learning

a. an S-R relationship.

b. a general rule.

c. an R-O relationship.

d. an S(R-O) relationship.

b. a general rule.

Which of the following is true of delayed matching to sample tasks?

a. Pigeons learn only specific stimulus-response relations; chimps can learn general rules.

b. Trials-unique procedures increase the likelihood of stimulus-response learning in pigeons, but not in chimps.

c. Pigeons and chimps can learn "same-as rules."

d. Pigeons often solve delayed matching to sample tasks by orienting their bodies towards the sample stimulus; chimps use general rules.

c. Pigeons and chimps can learn "same-as rules."

A Morris water maze

a. is an ecologically valid laboratory technique for studying memory in rodents.

b. is a useful tool for studying memory in rodents, but is not ecologically valid.

c. is an ecologically valid technique for studying foraging behavior, but not valid for memory tasks in rodents.

d. is neither valid nor useful in studies of rodent memory.

b. is a useful tool for studying memory in rodents, but is not ecologically valid.

Radial arm mazes are used primarily to test

a. performance in spatial memory tasks.

b. performance in delayed matching to sample trials.

c. performance in food preference trials.

d. performance in locomotor preference trials.

a. performance in spatial memory tasks.

The available evidence suggests that rats navigate correctly in radial arm mazes by

a. marking visited arms with urine.

b. relying on visual cues in the testing room.

c. choosing the arms in a fixed order.

d. All of the above

b. relying on visual cues in the testing room.

Which of the following has been determined to most influence the behavior of rats in a radial arm maze?

a. odor cues

b. the presence or absence of food

c. a fixed sequence of responses

d. visual cues in the testing room

d. visual cues in the testing room

The duration of spatial memory in rats appears

a. to be for about as long as the rat remains in a maze.

b. to be about 5 to 10 minutes.

c. to be about 3 to 4 hours.

d. to last for over a day.

d. to last for over a day.

CaMKII enhances synaptic efficacy by activating

a. CaM receptors.

b. NMDA receptors.

c. AMPA receptors.

d. KII receptors.

c. AMPA receptors.

Doogie mice seem smarter because they show enhanced learning in a range of tests. The change that brings this about is

a. they produce NR2A longer than other mice.

b. they produce NR2B longer than other mice.

c. they produce AMPA longer than other mice.

d. they produce DOX longer than other mice.

b. they produce NR2B longer than other mice.

NR2B is typically found

a. as a subunit of NMDA that interferes with LTP in adulthood.

b. as a subunit of NMDA that interferes with LTP in juveniles.

c. as a subunit of NMDA that promotes LTP in adulthood.

d. as a subunit of NMDA that promotes LTP in juveniles.

d. as a subunit of NMDA that promotes LTP in juveniles.

Doogie mice differ from normal mice in that

a. they produce NR2A into adulthood.

b. they produce NR2B into adulthood.

c. they have more difficulty in the Morris water maze.

d. they have more difficulty in stimulus discrimination tasks.

b. they produce NR2B into adulthood.

Optogenetic studies with mice have demonstrated that

a. activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory erases that memory.

b. activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory enhances that memory.

c. activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory can induce a memory related behavior.

d. activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory prevents memory related behavior.

c. activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory can induce a memory related behavior.

Stimulus coding is primarily a task that occurs during

a. retention.

b. retrieval.

c. extinction.

d. acquisition.

d. acquisition.

Stimulus coding refers to

a. the literal record of past events in memory.

b. creating a neural representation of an experience.

c. the use of current stimuli to decode or understand previous events.

d. creating a stimulus that can be perceived and used by a given species.

b. creating a neural representation of an experience.

The difference between using beacons and landmarks to find a goal is that

a. beacons are more salient than landmarks.

b. landmarks are at the goal site; beacons are not.

c. beacons are at the goal site; landmarks are not.

d. landmarks are more salient than beacons.

c. beacons are at the goal site; landmarks are not.

Sign tracking is an example of

a. beacon following.

b. landmark navigation.

c. using the relations between landmarks to guide behavior.

d. a complex cognitive map.

a. beacon following.

Sally has given you directions to her office. She has told you to turn right at the convenience store, left at the stop sign, and right again at the cow shaped mailbox. She is counting on your ability to navigate with

a. beacons.

b. landmarks.

c. geometric cues.

d. your GPS device.

b. landmarks

Bob asks you to come over to play video games. He tells you he lives right under the large green billboard visible from campus. To get to his house you must use

a. beacon following.

b. landmarks.

c. geometric cues.

d. spatial coding.

a. beacon following.

Retrospective coding refers to memory of

a. spatial cues.

b. events that have happened in the past.

c. events that still must occur.

d. visual cues in the environment.

b. events that have happened in the past.

When he first begins shopping, Peter is able to remember what he has in his cart without referring to his list. He is using

a. retrospection.

b. prospection.

c. introspection.

d. rehearsal memory.

a. retrospection.

If a hamster in a radial maze is keeping in mind where it has been, it is using

a. prospection.

b. introspection.

c. retrospection.

d. reference memory.

c. retrospection.

Prospective coding refers to events

a. that must happen in the future.

b. that have occurred in the immediate past.

c. that have occurred in the distant past.

d. that are no longer stored in working memory.

a. that must happen in the future.

After three right-hand turns, Sally remembers that to get to Beth's house she must next make a left-hand turn. To remember the left-hand turn, Sally is using

a. prospection.

b. retrospection.

c. introspection.

d. rehearsal memory.

a. prospection.

Animals have been found to use different coding strategies depending on the task demands. For example, at the

beginning of a long series of behaviors, an animal would likely use _______ whereas by the end of the series it would likely use _________.

a. prospective coding; retrospective coding

b. retrospective coding; prospective coding

c. reference coding; introspective coding

d. rehearsal coding; prospective coding

b. retrospective coding; prospective coding

In a 12-arm radial maze, a rat makes a correct response if it visits an arm it has not previously explored. After 10 arms have been explored, the rat is most likely using which coding strategy to make the last choices?

a. introspective

b. prospective

c. retrospective

d. rehearsal

b. prospective

When rats and humans were both required to perform in a radial arm-type spatial memory task, researchers determined that

a. rats use retrospective coding strategies, and humans use prospective strategies.

b. rats use retrospective coding strategies, and humans are able to switch between coding strategies.

c. rats use prospective coding strategies, and humans are able to switch between coding strategies.

d. rats and humans are able to switch between retrospective and prospective coding strategies.

d. rats and humans are able to switch between retrospective and prospective coding strategies.

Directed forgetting studies support all of the following conclusions except

a. rehearsal processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control.

b. memory processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control.

c. memory processes in animals involve the passive storage of information.

d. memory processes in humans can be brought under stimulus control.

c. memory processes in animals involve the passive storage of information.

Infants were trained to kick in order to move a mobile. 24 hours later, one group of these infants was tested in the presence of the same; another group was tested in the presence of a context familiar to them, but different from the training situation. The infants tested in the training context performed much better, probably because of

a. rehearsal cues.

b. retrieval cues.

c. prospective cues.

d. retrospective cues.

b. retrieval cues.

Which of the following can serve as a retrieval cue?

a. contextual cues

b. the US

c. the CS+

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Reminder treatments can increase responding that is low due to

a. latent inhibition.

b. overshadowing.

c. blocking.

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Memory priming involves

a. presenting a retrieval cue and testing immediately.

b. presenting a retrieval cue and testing some time later.

c. presenting a retrieval cue during acquisition.

d. presenting a retrieval cue that sets the occasion for the training phase.

b. presenting a retrieval cue and testing some time later.

Which of the following is not an adaptive feature of forgetting?

a. It increases behavioral variability.

b. It can reduce the context specificity of learning.

c. It can be useful in therapeutic settings.

d. All are adaptive features of forgetting

d. All are adaptive features of forgetting

Monkeys are presented with a series of stimuli in a delayed matching to sample task. First a white light signals the start of the trial. Then a green light is presented, followed by the red sample light, a delay, and then the test stimuli of a green light and a red light. This experiment is designed to explore

a. proactive interference.

b. reference memory coding.

c. retroactive interference.

d. retrograde amnesia.

a. proactive interference.

The retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia suggests that amnesia results from

a. retention failure.

b. general memory loss.

c. loss of information from short-term memory

d. altered coding of relatively recent memories.

d. altered coding of relatively recent memories.

Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia comes from studies in which

a. memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments.

b. hypothermia causes retrograde amnesia.

c. memory deficits occur in response to ECT.

d. memory in the short-term store is shown to be vulnerable.

a. memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments.

The important difference between the memory consolidation and retrieval failure hypotheses of retrograde amnesia is that

a.the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store.

b.the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories.

c.the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store.

d.the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short- term store, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss.

b.the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories.

Compared with traditional views of memory acquisition, storage, and recall, contemporary views suggest

a. that acquisition is more difficult, recall is easier.

b. that items in long-term storage are more permanent than previously thought.

c. that items in long-term storage can be made more malleable than previously thought.

d. that most of what we consider memory is actually classical or instrumental conditioning.

c. that items in long-term storage can be made more malleable than previously thought.

Which of the following is most closely analogous to human episodic memory?

a. the contents of value transfer in pigeons

b. the contents of memory for hidden food items in scrub jays

c. the contents of paired associate learning in chimpanzees

d. the contents of the internal clock in pigeons

b. the contents of memory for hidden food items in scrub jays

According to Clayton et al. what is the required content of a memory for it to be considered "episodic"?

a. what happened

b. when it happened

c. where it happened

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A scrub jay demonstrates that it knows what happened, where it happened, when it happened, and seems to have integrated these pieces into a a coherent representation. This is evidence of

a. semantic memory

b. procedural memory

c. episodic memory

d. motor memory

c. episodic memory

Evidence for episodic memory in scrub jays comes from the finding that

a. they will always prefer worms at all time periods since the food was cached.

b. they will always prefer worms only if they are provided fresh worms at all time periods after caching including very long delays.

c. they will prefer peanuts at short delays, but worms at longer delays after caching.

d. evidence for episodic memory only has been found in mammals like rats, monkeys, and humans including human infants.

b. they will always prefer worms only if they are provided fresh worms at all time periods after caching including very long delays.

A task in which the discriminative stimulus is the length of time of an event is referred to as a ________ event

a. time shaping

b. interval training

c. duration estimation

d. time conditioning

c. duration estimation

A pigeon is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. If the bird is presented with a 3 second long sample, it must peck a red key. If the sample is 10 seconds long, the pigeon must peck a green key. This type of experiment is called a

a. duration estimation task.

b. time conditioning task.

c. interval training task.

d. time shaping task.

a. duration estimation task.

Results from duration estimation tasks suggest that

a. rats can base their behavior on duration estimation, but pigeons cannot.

b. pigeons can base their behavior on duration estimation, but rats cannot.

c. neither pigeons nor rats can base their behavior on duration estimation.

d. both pigeons and rats can base their behavior on duration estimation.

d. both pigeons and rats can base their behavior on duration estimation.

A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus. If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds. This procedure is called

a. a duration estimation task.

b. a peak procedure.

c. an interval training task.

d. a model-rival technique.

b. a peak procedure.

A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus. If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds. This type of experiment is investigating an organism's ability to

a. form concepts.

b. produce durations.

c. estimate durations.

d. chunk information.

b. produce durations.

A rat is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. If the rat is presented with a 4-second-long sample, it must push the left lever. If the sample is 10 seconds long, the rat must depress the right lever. This type of experiment tests the rat's ability to

a. form concepts.

b. produce durations.

c. estimate durations.

d. chunk information.

c. estimate durations.

In an experiment with hungry rats, food is delivered to a food cup at regular 40 s intervals. The rats' head pokes into the food cup area are suggestive of

a. episodic memory.

b. duration estimation.

c. duration production.

d. scalar invariance.

c. duration production.

According to Scalar Expectancy Theory, which of the following is not part of the clock process?

a. the comparator

b. the switch

c. the accumulator

d. the pacemaker

a. the comparator

In Scalar Expectancy Theory, what relays the number of pulses that have occurred to working memory?

a. the pacemaker

b. the comparator

c. the accumulator

d. the switch

c. the accumulator

Which of the following is not a feature important to the behavioral theory of timing?

a. a pacemaker

b. a comparator

c. adjunctive behaviors

d. a decision process

b. a comparator

According to the behavioral theory of timing; which is an adjunctive behavior?

a. pre-food focal search

b. post-food focal search

c. general search

d. all are adjunctive behaviors

d. all are adjunctive behaviors

According to the behavioral theory of timing, the discriminative stimuli for the required timing responses are

a. the number of impulses sent by the pacemaker.

b. the total time the switch is active.

c. the comparison of impulses in the comparator.

d. the subjects own adjunctive responses.

d. the subjects own adjunctive responses.

Retrospective: Prospective as

a. scalar expectancy theory: behavior theory of timing

b. behavior theory of timing: scalar expectancy theory

c. behavior theory of timing: adjunctive behavior

d. adjunctive behavior: superstitious behavior

a. scalar expectancy theory: behavior theory of timing

In theories of timing that use oscillators, the oscillator is most like a

a. pacemaker

b. an hourglass

c. a pendulum

d. a comparator

c. a pendulum

The circadian clock has been linked to neural activity in

a. the amygdala.

b. the parietal cortex.

c. the suprachiamatic nucleus.

d. the nucleus accumbens.

c. the suprachiamatic nucleus.

Applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to which brain region is most likely to disrupt performance on longer (suprasecond) timing tasks?

a. the cerebellum.

b. the amygdala.

c. the prefrontal cortex.

d. the dorsal spinal cord.

c. the prefrontal cortex.

Evidence from drug studies, clinical disorders, and transgenic mice suggests which neurotransmitter is important for timing?

a. norepinepherine

b. dopamine

c. serotonin

d. acetylcholine

b. dopamine

In order to correctly perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn

a. S-R associations.

b. paired associations.

c. R-O associations.

d. All of the above

a. S-R associations

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. This type of task is called

a. paired associate learning.

b. a response chain.

c. serial pattern learning.

d. serial representation learning.

b. a response chain

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. In order to correctly perform this task, a subject must learn

a. paired associations.

b. serial patterns.

c. stimulus-response associations.

d. serial representations.

c. stimulus-response associations.

A simultaneous presentation of all response choices in a serial order task cannot be solved by learning

a. a serial pattern.

b. serial representations.

c. stimulus-response associations.

d. paired associates.

c. stimulus-response associations.

A dog is trained to fetch sodas from the refrigerator. It knows to first go the refrigerator. Once at the refrigerator, it knows to pull on the door. When the door is open, it knows to grab the can. With the can in its mouth, it knows to return to its master. This dog probably learned

a. serial patterns.

b. serial representations.

c. stimulus-response associations.

d. paired associates.

c. stimulus-response associations.

A cat is trained to fetch a piece of balled paper. The cat has learned that the sound of the paper being crumpled means that the game is on. The game being on tells the cat that the paper is about to fly. Seeing the flying paper means that it is time for the hunt. Grabbing the paper lets the cat know that a treat is waiting. This cat must have learned

a. paired associates.

b. a serial pattern.

c. stimulus-response associations.

d. serial representations.

a. paired associates.

Monkeys were trained to press five buttons, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order. When presented with the smaller subset of keys "B" and "D," they were able to press these keys in order also. This suggests the monkeys learned

a. paired associates.

b. response-outcome associations.

c. stimulus-response associations.

d. serial representations.

d. serial representations.

After learning to press five keys, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order, monkeys were given tests in which subsets of two keys were presented. A comparison of the latencies to press the second key revealed that as the number of letters missing between the two test keys increased, (BD) versus (BE) for example, the latency to press the second key , suggesting that the monkeys were subject to the symbolic distance effect.

a. remained the same

b. increased

c. decreased

d. increased if the first key was "A" or "B," and decreased if the first key was "C" or "D" ("E" could not be the first key)

b. increased

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the first key?

a. C, B

b. A, E

c. E, D

d. A, D

c. E, D

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the second key?

a. E, A

b. B, C

c. C, B

d. D, B

a. E, A

Perceptual concepts involve

a. generalization within a category.

b. discrimination within a category.

c. generalization between categories.

d. All of the above

a. generalization within a category.

In order to respond correctly in tests of perceptual concept learning, a dolphin must

a. respond similarly to members of different categories if they share similar elements.

b. respond differently to members of the same category if they have different elements.

c. respond similarly to members of different categories even if they are very different.

d. respond similarly to members of the same category even if they have different elements.

d. respond similarly to members of the same category even if they have different elements.

Studies of perceptual concept learning suggest that

a. only humans form true perceptual concepts.

b. only primates form true perceptual concepts.

c. only primates and dolphins form true perceptual concepts.

d. many species, including pigeons, form true perceptual concepts.

d. many species, including pigeons, form true perceptual concepts.

Evidence of generalization to novel exemplars is used to support

a. a paired associate learning interpretation.

b. a stimulus-response learning interpretation.

c. a concept-learning interpretation.

d. a serial pattern learning interpretation.

c. a concept-learning interpretation.

Data from a study with baboons exposed to four letter word or non-word stimuli to see if they could learn to distinguish between words and random combinations of letters suggest that

a. they could use only S-R cues to discriminate.

b. they could use only S-R and S-S cues to discriminate.

c. they could use orthographic information to discriminate.

d. they could not discriminate above chance between words and non-words.

c. they could use orthographic information to discriminate.

Which theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common?

a. similarity approach

b. exemplar approach

c. prototype approach

d. common feature approach

d. common feature approach

The common elements approach to perceptual concept learning suggests that organisms form perceptual concepts based on

a. prototypes of the perceptual category.

b. geotypes of the perceptual category.

c. shared critical features of members of the perceptual category.

d. different combinations of shared features of members of the perceptual category.

d. different combinations of shared features of members of the perceptual category.

Discriminating between which of the following would demonstrate abstract concept formation?

a. natural and artificial

b. red and orange

c. males and females

d. same and different

d. same and different

In a careful study of tool use in apes and crows, the researchers found

a. that only the ape behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.

b. that only the crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.

c. that both ape and crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.

d. that neither ape nor crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.

a. that only the ape behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task

Attempts to determine if nonhuman animals are capable of language have led to the conclusion that a. only chimpanzees are capable of language.b. many species of animals are capable of language.c. only chimpanzees and dolphins are capable of language.

d. this is not an answerable question.

d. this is not an answerable question.

Human infants are said to have language

a. at birth.

b. usually by 6 months

.c. usually by 12 months.

d. There is no one point where a child can be said to graduate to having language.

d. There is no one point where a child can be said to graduate to having language.