Renaissance and Reformation

Finals Study

Humanism

A movement that focuses on human potential and achievementthrough the study of classical texts and values.

Patron

A wealthy supporter of artists

Vernacular

The everyday language used by the general population, as opposed to Latin or classical languages in literature and education.

Indulgence

A payment made to the Church to reduce punishment for sins or release from purgatory, often seen as a corruption during the Reformation.

Purgatory

Temporary state before heaven

Predestination

Belief that God determines salvation before birth, and that only a chosen few will achieve salvation.

Theocracy

Government run by religious leaders, where laws are based on religious doctrines.

Inquisition

Church court investigating heresy and punishing those found guilty of belief contrary to the Church's teachings.

Machiavelli

Italian diplomat and political theorist known for his work "The Prince," which discusses pragmatic rule and statecraft.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Renaissance artist and inventor who is known for masterpieces such as the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper," and for his contributions to anatomy and engineering.

Michelangelo

Artist of the Sistine Chapel ceiling and famed sculpture "David." He was a key figure of the Renaissance.

Raphael

Renaissance painter known for his harmonious compositions, particularly in works like "The School of Athens" and numerous Madonna paintings.

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press, significant for revolutionizing the spread of knowledge and literature during the Renaissance.

Henry VIII

English King who founded the Anglican Church

Elizabeth I

Strengthened protestant England and established a period of stability and cultural flourishing known as the Elizabethan Era.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who promoted predestination and emphasized the sovereignty of God in salvation and the importance of faith.

Martin Luther

Started the Protestant Reformation

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits who played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation, focusing on education and missionary work.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Monarchs who united Spain and completed the Reconquista, sponsoring Columbus's 1492 voyage.

Shift in values from the Renaissance

• Focus on individuals.

• Interest in classical Greece and Rome.

• Scientific inquiry.

• Secular learning.

The printing press impact from the Renaissance

• Spread ideas rapidly.

• Increased literacy.

• Helped Reformation spread.

Martin Luther in the Reformation

• Salvation through faith alone.

• The Bible is the highest authority.

• Criticized indulgences.

John Calvin

• Predestination.

• Strict religious society.

Catholic response from the Reformation

• Council of Trent.

• Jesuits.

• Inquisition.

• Reaffirmed Church teachings.