AP HESI

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

What is a group of similar cells working together called?

Tissue

What do we call a group of tissues performing a function?

Organ

What is a group of organs working together known as?

Organ system

What maintains stable internal conditions in the body?

Homeostasis

What type of feedback reverses a change?

Negative feedback

What type of feedback amplifies a change?

Positive feedback

What encompasses all chemical reactions in the body?

Metabolism

What is the process of breaking down molecules to release energy?

Catabolism

What is building molecules using energy called?

Anabolism

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

ATP

What controls the entry and exit of substances in a cell?

Cell membrane

What is the gel-like fluid inside a cell called?

Cytoplasm

What controls cell activities and contains DNA?

Nucleus

What organelle produces ATP?

Mitochondria

What is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein and lipid transport

What packages and ships proteins?

Golgi apparatus

What breaks down waste and old cell parts?

Lysosomes

What movement describes the transport of substances from high to low concentration?

Diffusion

What is water movement across a membrane called?

Osmosis

What is the movement using protein channels called?

Facilitated diffusion

What process uses ATP to move substances?

Active transport

What is it called when a cell brings substances in?

Endocytosis

What process releases substances out of the cell?

Exocytosis

What pumps blood through the body?

Heart

What carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries

What carries blood toward the heart?

Veins

Where does gas and nutrient exchange occur?

Capillaries

What part of the heart sends blood to the lungs?

Right side of heart

What part of the heart sends blood to the body?

Left side of heart

What carries oxygen in the blood?

Red blood cells

What type of blood cells fight infection?

White blood cells

What is involved in blood clotting?

Platelets

What is high blood pressure called?

Hypertension

What is low blood pressure called?

Hypotension

What is a fast heart rate known as?

Tachycardia

What is a slow heart rate called?

Bradycardia

What is the windpipe that carries air to the lungs?

Trachea

What are the main airways into the lungs called?

Bronchi

What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli

What is the main breathing muscle?

Diaphragm

What initiates the entry of air into the lungs?

Inhalation

What process involves air leaving the lungs?

Exhalation

What initiates mechanical digestion in the digestive system?

Mouth

What moves food to the stomach?

Esophagus

Where does acid digestion of food occur?

Stomach

Where is nutrient absorption primarily done?

Small intestine

What absorbs water in the digestive system?

Large intestine

What produces bile?

Liver

What stores bile?

Gallbladder

What produces digestive enzymes?

Pancreas

What consists of the brain and spinal cord?

Central nervous system

What consists of nerves throughout the body?

Peripheral nervous system

What is a nerve cell called?

Neuron

What receives signals in a neuron?

Dendrites

What sends signals in a neuron?

Axon

What is an automatic response known as?

Reflex

What is the gap between neurons?

Synapse

What supports the body and protects organs?

Bone

What produces blood cells within the body?

Bone marrow

What connects bone to bone?

Ligaments

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendons

What condition refers to weak, brittle bones?

Osteoporosis

What is referred to when a bone is broken?

Fracture

What type of muscle allows for voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle

What type of muscle is involuntary and found in organs?

Smooth muscle

What type of muscle makes up the heart?

Cardiac muscle

What decreases the angle of the joint?

Flexion

What increases the angle of the joint?

Extension

What are chemical messengers known as?

Hormones

What is the gland responsible for controlling other glands?

Pituitary gland

What regulates metabolism?

Thyroid

What regulates blood sugar levels?

Pancreas

What responds to stress by releasing adrenaline?

Adrenal glands

What hormone lowers blood sugar?

Insulin

What hormone raises blood sugar?

Glucagon

What is a disease-causing organism called?

Pathogen

What protein fights pathogens?

Antibody

What substance triggers an immune response?

Antigen

What is the body's defense response known as?

Inflammation

What prepares the immune system for disease?

Vaccination

What filters blood and makes urine?

Kidneys

What carries urine to the bladder?

Ureters

What stores urine?

Bladder

What excretes urine from the body?

Urethra

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

What is the oxygen exchange site in the lungs?

Alveoli

What organelle is known for energy production?

Mitochondria

What regulates blood sugar levels?

Pancreas

What part of the brain controls body temperature?

Hypothalamus

What is the control center of the cell?

Nucleus

What is the most abundant type of blood cell?

Red blood cells

What organ is responsible for waste filtration?

Kidneys