KIN FINAL EXAM MEGA FLASHCARD SET BRUH

Kinesiology

study of movement

• emphasizes on the human body

Health in Kin vs. in medicine

Kin - more proactive and preventative of disease

Medicine - focuses exclusive on disease treatment

Health

includes the dynamic, constantly changing process of trying to reach one’s potential

Wellness

combines health and happiness in a balanced state of well-being

Most widely used name for the field of Kinesiology

Physical Education

Competition

variable concept that may range from team sports, where groups of people compete against each other in popular games (group or individual challenges)

5 types of individual competition in Sport

• one versus self - contests motivated by a desire for personal challenge

• one verses another - individual sport contests (ex. tennis)

• one versus many - activities such as marathon running and triathlons

• one versus standards - of distance (jumps, throws) or time (time trials)

• one versus nature - conquering the elements (ex. rock climbing)

Modifications of Kinesiology

• exercise physiology

• motor learning

• motor development

• biomechanics

Modifications of Kinesiology

• exercise physiology

• motor learning

• motor development

• biomechanics

the name Kinesiology FITS its field of study, why?

• F - Focus of study

• I - Intuitively appropriate

• T - Treats all approaches equally

• S - sounds right

Traditional 9 Areas of Knowledge in the core curriculum of Human Movement

• human anatomy/function

• physical growth and motor development

• biomechanical aspects of movement

• exercise physiology

• behavioural and neuromuscular control of movement

• motor skill acquisition

• psychological factors in movement, exercise, and sport

• sociocultural factors in movement, exercise sport

• history/philosophy of movement, exercise, and sport

How does the name Kinesiology evoke the focus of study of the field

• Greek terminology

  • logy - study of

  • kin - human action

• focuses on central topic of human movement and all related facets

  • exercise, fitness, sport, health, leisure, and recreation

How many of 36 Canadian Universities no longer use the name Physical Education

25 (69%)

Other names that Physical and Health Education has evolved into

• Kinesiology

• Human Kinetics

• Kinanthropology

• Exercise Science

• Human Biology

5 Major areas of Careers in Kinesiology

• Health and fitness

• Therapy and rehabilitation

• Teaching and coaching

• Sport management and administration

• Medicine and Medical science

Health and fitness industry

integrates exercise, personal responsibility and prevention

4 program areas of health and fitness industry

Exercise Therapy (and the 2 divisions)

aims to develop or restore specific physical capabilities

• can be directed at capabilities (like strength or endurance) or specific muscle groups or neuromuscular coordination of specific portions of the body

2 Divisions of Exercise Therapy

• rehabilitative - restoring skills or functions that have been lost

• habilitative - aims to help an individual acquire skills and functions

2 Divisions of Exercise Therapy

• rehabilitative - restoring skills or functions that have been lost

• habilitative - aims to help an individual acquire skills and functions

Teaching and Coaching (what’s the difference between the two)

• wide diversity of roles and settings

• both teaching and coaching are interrelated

• Coaches - often deal with highly selective audience where skill levels are more developed and individuals have a high degree of interest and aspiration in a specific sport

• Teachers - trained to engage a group of diverse learners and foster growth and development of students from a set curriculum

Are all university Kinesiology programs the same?

No, they are not all the same

• most deal primarily with study of human movement

• some specialize more in scientific aspects

• some are more into health and fitness

• some are more into recreation and leisure

• some offer sports, fitness, and coaching practicals

• some provide more laboratory experiences

• some have co-op

Issue of risk management in sport

• vast range of topics

  • understanding potential physical injuries

  • understanding financial losses

  • risks of not following rules of governing bodies

    • like Canadian Interuniverisity Sport (CIS) or National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

qualities of Kinesiology students (that CEOs want) and how Kinesiology helps develop these qualities

• Strong interpersonal and communication skills

  • developed through the nature of the research and curriculum they take

Proximal vs. Distal

• can be used to describe nerves and blood vessels

• proximal - toward the origin

• distal - away from the origin

Medial vs. Lateral

• Medial - nearer to the median plane

  • ex. nose is medial to the eyes

• Lateral - Farther from the median plane

  • eyes are lateral to the nose

Deep vs. Superficial

• Deep - farther from the surface of the body

  • ex. hear lies deep to the ribs

• Superficial - nearer to the surface of the body

  • ex. skin is more superficial than muscle

Compact (Cortical) Bone

bone that has low porosity

• found in long bones (arm and leg bones)

  • required to be stronger to resist greater stress

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

bone that has high porosity with more non-mineralized tissue

• honeycomb structure and provides more flexibility

• found in areas where shock absorption and a better ability to change shape are important

characteristics of long bones (Like the femur)

• proximal epiphysis (end)

• diaphysis (shaft)

epiphyseal line

when growth ceases, epiphyseal growth plate ossifies and becomes an epiphyseal line

Cartilage

reduces friction between the articulating bone surfaces

• covers the ends of the bones that form synovial joints

Calvaria

vault that protects the brain and brain stem

• formed from curved flat bones

  • frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

Facial Bones

• nasal (nose)

• lacrimal (for drainage of tears)

• zygomatic (cheek)

• maxilla (upper jaw)

• mandible (lower jaw)

Orbicularis Oculi

facial muscles that allow you to close your eyelids

Orbicularis Oris

Facial muscles that close the mouth

Verterbral Column components

33 bonesL

• 7 Cervical (Neck) vertebrae

  • first 2 bones are the atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

• 12 thoracic (chest) vertebrae

• 5 lumbar (lower back) vertebrae

• 1 sacrum (midline region of buttocks) made up of 5 fused vertebrae

• 1 coccyx (tail bone) made up of 3-5 fused vertebrae

intervertebral discs

form a strong and flexible support for the neck and trunk

Sternum components

• Manubrium

• Sternal Body

• Xiphoid Process

Triple layer of muscles of the Abdomen

• External Oblique

• Internal Oblique

• Transversus Abdomnis

Linea alba

• white line

• where the triple muscle layers meet at the midline

Rectus Abdomini

• the six-pack

Clavicle (Collarbone)

the only bone connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton

Pectoralis Major (and its 2 heads)

has two heads:

• clavicular head - flexes and medially rotates the shoulder joint

  • attached to the clavicle

• sternal head - extends shoulder joint from a flexed position and medially rotates the shoulder joint

Pectoralis Minor function

depresses and stabilizes the scapula

serratus anterior function

steadies and holds the scapula forward (protracts it) against he chest wall

• frees the upper limb for actions like rope climbing

Trapezius

has 3 groups of fibres:

• Upper fibres - elevate the scapula (shrugging your shoulders)

• middle (transverse fibres) - retract the scapula

• lower fibres - depress the scapula

Latissimus dorsi function

• medially rotates, adducts, and extends the humerus

  • does this with the help of attachments from the lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia to the intertubercular groove of the humerus

Teres major function

medially rotates and adducts the humerus

Lveator scapulae function

rotates and elevates the scapula

rhomboid muscles function

assist in retraction of the scapula and holding it against the thoracic wall

Joints of the pectoral girdle

• sternoclavicular joint - the only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton

  • important because it absorbs all forces transmitted from the upper limb along the clavicle to the sternum

• acromioclavicular joint - unites the lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapula

  • shoulder separations can occur here

Subscapularis function

adducts and medially rotates the upper limb

infraspinatus and teres minor function

adduct and laterally rotate the upper limb at the shoulder joint

infraspinatus and teres minor function

adduct and laterally rotate the upper limb at the shoulder joint

rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder (SSIT)

• Subscapularis

• supraspinatus

• infraspinatus

• teres minor

3 functional groups of fibres of Deltoid

• anterior - flex and medially rotates the upper limb

• middle fibres - abduct the upper limb

• posterior fibres - extend and laterally rotate the upper limb

Humerus

arm bone

which bones make up the forearm

Radius and ulna

Interosseous membrane

join together the radius and ulna

• also joins together the tibia with the fibula

Carpus

the wrist

• formed by two rows of 4 bones per row called carpals

Carpals of the carpus

Proximal row

• scaphoid (bone most commonly fractured when you fall on your hand)

• lunate

• triquetrum

• pisiform

Distal Row

• trapezium

• trapezoid

• capitate

• hamate

She Likes To Play, Try To Catch Her

metacarpal bones

5 bones

• articulate with the digits (fingers)

how many phalanges make up each digit

3 phalanges make up each digit (finger) EXCEPT the thumb

Coracobrachialis

flexor of the arm (at the shoulder)

biceps brachii

muscle with 2 heads

• powerful flexor of the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm

brachialis

important flexor of the elbow joint and works along with the biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

• the powerful extensor of the elbow

flexor-pronator muscle group

muscles attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

extensor-supinator group

muscles attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

brachioradialis muscle

attached above the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

• acts as an elbow flexor especially when the forearm is partially pronated

Thenar (palm) group

acts on the thumb and its metacarpal to abduct, flex, and oppose the thumb tip to the 4 remaining digits

hypothenar (little palm) group

acts on the little finger and its metacarpal

intrinsic muscles of the hand

• they are within the han

  • interossei (between bones) muscles

  • lumbrical (earthworm) muscles

• they flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the fingers, position the digits for fine movements

shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

the articulation between the upper limb and the scapula

pelvic girdle

formed from paired os coxae (hip bones)

• hip bones made up of ilium, pubis, and ischium

• pelvic girdle is a weight bearer and supports the bladder and abdominal contents

acetabulum

on the lateral surface of each hip bone

Iliopsoas muscle

formed by psoas major and iliacus uniting

• primary flexor of the hip

• allows you to bring your thighs up to your chest or chest up to your knees

psoas minor muscle

• missing in approximately half of the population

• very weak flexor of the hip

The 3 gluteal muscles

• gluteus maximus - principal power extensor of the hip and stabilizer of the knee joint in full extension

  • largest and most superficial posterior muscle

• gluteus medius and gluteus minimus - abduct the hip

  • very important movement in walking

tensor fasciae latae

muscle that inserts into iliotibial band and acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize the knee joint in full extension

what is the largest bone in the body

femur (thigh bones made)

patella (knee cap)

sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles

Tarsus (angkle)

made up of several bones (tarsals)

• talus

• calcaneus (heel bone)

• navicular

• cuboid

• 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuneiforms

Gracilis

attaches to the tibia

function of Tibialis anterior

functions to invert the sole of the foot

Fibularis (peroneus) longus and fibularis (peroneus) brevis

plantarflexors of the ankle and evertors of the sole of the foot

Calcaneal tendon function

the Achilles tendon

• connects calf muscles to the heel

popliteus function

plays major role in unlocking the knee in full extension

Hip (iliofemoral) joint

ball and socket joint

• movement: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction

• body’s most stable synovial joint

Menisci

shock-absorbing fibrocartilaginous discs that provides structural support to the knee joint

function of the ligaments of the knee joint

• flexion-extension

  • ex. squatting or jumping

Transverse tarsal joint function

allows for inversion/eversion of the sole of the foot

• allows us to adjust to uneven ground when walking or running

Tendons

located at each end of the muscle

• during muscle contraction, functions to move various parts of skeleton

biomechanics of human movement

assessment of movement and sequential pattern of muscle activation acting through joints to move body segments

troponin and tropomyosin

proteins that play an important role in regulating muscle contractions

• contained in thin actin filaments

Cross Bridge formation

process when a signal comes from the motor nerve activating the fibre, heads of the myosin filaments temporarily attach themselves to the actin filaments

muscle biopsy

determines muscle fibre type

• done by a small incision to the skin and fascia of the muscle

  • tiny piece of tissue is cut and removed from muscle and then analyzed under a microscope

Motor end plate

delivers impulses to activate each fibre

Activation Threshold

threshold a motor unit must reach for activation to occur