Topic 8a: Psychopathology & Positive Psych

psychological disorder

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

medical model

The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

DSM-V

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

anxiety disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by excessive worry about everyday things for at least six months.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/ or actions.

PTSD

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

dissociative disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

mood disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

personality disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

subjective well-being

an individual's personal evaluation and experience of their own life satisfaction, happiness, and positive emotions. It encompasses the cognitive and affective components that contribute to an individual's overall sense of well-being and quality of life.

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

signature strengths or virtues

refer to the character strengths that are most essential to who you are, often appearing prominently in your strengths profile and feeling natural and energizing to express

posttraumatic growth

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

diathesis-stress model

suggests that the development of psychological disorders is influenced by both a genetic predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors. It proposes that individuals with a genetic vulnerability are more likely to develop a disorder when exposed to stressful life events.

biopsychosocial model

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis for understanding human behavior or health issues.

persistent depressive disorder

it is a continuous long-term (chronic) form of depression where one may lose interest in normal daily activities, feel hopeless or have low self-esteem

bipolar 1

This is characterized by one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes (symptoms of both mania and depression) and one or more major depressive episodes.

bipolar 2

This involves one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode (a milder form of mania).

ataque de nervois

a culture-bound syndrome, meaning a specific pattern of symptoms and behaviors related to distress, primarily found within Hispanic and Latin American cultures, often triggered by stressful events and characterized by intense emotional upset.

hoarding disorder

a mental health condition characterized by persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, leading to clutter that interferes with living spaces and daily functioning.