Cell Structure and Function Review

Flashcards covering the fundamental concepts of cell structure, including cell type differentiation, organelles, and the endomembrane system.

Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

A factor that limits the size of a cell; eukaryotic cells can grow larger than prokaryotic cells by utilizing internal membranes to provide more surface area for metabolic functions.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, allowing them to maintain a larger size than prokaryotic cells.

Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)

A selectively permeable surface that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Cell Wall

A rigid layer located outside the cell membrane that provides structural support and protection to cells, commonly found in plants but absent in animals.

Extracellular Matrix

An intricate network of macromolecules outside of animal cells that provides structural support and biochemical signals.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers within the cell that provides mechanical support, maintains cell shape, and assists in movement.

Organelle

A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is typically enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.

Endomembrane System

A collection of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Plant Cells

Eukaryotic cells that possess a cell wall, chloroplasts, and usually a large central vacuole, distinguishing them from animal cells.

Animal Cells

Eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall and chloroplasts, often featuring centrioles and lysosomes which are less common or absent in plant cells.