Middle Ages

Franks

A group of Germanic people

Clovis

United the Franks into a kingdom and allied with the church

Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)

The mayor of the palace, had more power than the king, won the Battle of Tours

Pepin

Founder of the Carolingian Dynasty, fought the Lombards for the Church

Charlemagne

Greatly expanded the empire, closely watched his kingdom and the first Holy Roman Empire

Louis the Pious

Charlemagne’s son, a devoutly religious man but an ineffective ruler

Treaty of Verdun

Divided the empire into three kingdoms, weakening Carolingian Kings

Pope Gregory I

Made the papacy into a secular power involved in politics.

Vikings

Scandinavia raider groups

Scandinavia

Northern icy part of europe

Sagas and eddas

Poems and long tales

Jarls

Aristocracy

Fjords

Inlets with sharp cliffs that housed vikings 20-30

Viking ships

Knarr and Langskip

Roollo

Takes over Normandy

Eric the Red

Settles Greenland

Leif Ericson

First to discover America

Valhalla

Afterlife for fallen warriors

Feudalism

A lord would grant a vassal land in exchange for support and loyalty

Manorialism

Self-suffcient lands controlled by a lord

Tithe

One tenth of earnings given to the church

Code of Chivalry

A code of honor a knight should follow

Tournaments

Mock fights between knights for training

Social Classes

Monarch, lords, vassals, knights, peasants, serfs

Knighthood

Dubbing, overnight vigil, ritual bath, oath of loyalty

Page

A servant to the lord and knight

Squire

Maintains his lord’s equipment and followed him into battle

Medieval Church

One of the great powers, controlled about a third of the land

Sacraments

Important religious ceremonies

Simony

Church selling positions

Otto I

Close alliance with the church, crowned holy roman emperor

Lay investiture

Kings appoint church officals

Henry IV

Enemy of the pope tried to depose him, excommunicated and forced to beg for forgiveness

Gregory VII

Banned lay investiture and excommunicated Henry IV

Concordant of worms

The church alone could appoint bishops but kings can reject them

Benedictine rule

Wanted a return to the basic principles of Christanity

Role of monks and nuns

live in poverty and away in isolation

Interdict/excommunication

Excludes people from sacraments and the church

Canon Law

Sacraments, Church structure, marriage, liturgy, ethics,

Church view of woman

Daughter of Eve, weak and easily led to sin or Mother of God, modest and pure in spirit

Battle of Legnano

Lombard League defeated King Fredrick I

Franciscans and Dominicans

Two of the most important friar orders, emphasizing study and treating all as equal

Crusades

Holy wars ordered by the pope

Urban II

The first to call for the crusades

Gothic

pointed arches, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults

Romanesque

Sturdy, rounded arches, small sparse windows

Reconquista

An effort to drive muslims out of spain

Ferdinand and Isabella

They completed the reconquista

Inquisition

A court by the church to suppress heresy

Argicultural Revolution

3-field system, new innovations, better climate

Guilds

An organization of individuals in the same business

Charters

A written agreement

Scholasticism

Fellow scholars who met at the great universities

Norman Conquest

Normandy took over England

William the Conqueror

Took over England as his land, used royal officals to govern the land

King Henry II

Established courts of justice, royal judges collected taxes, settle disputes and punish crimes, ruled england, ireland, scotland, wales, and land in normandy

Richard the Lionhearted

Heavy taxation to support his foreign journeys, fought in the 3rd crusade

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Wife and mother of 2 kings

John I

Lost land in France, excommunicated by the pope

Edward I

Model Parliament, house of Lords, house of Commons

Hugh Capet

Elect King of Paris, made the throne hereditary, gained church support, effective bureaucracy

Edward III

Starts the hundred years over inheritance

Thomas Beckett

Martyred archbishop of Canterbury

Phillip II

Established baliffs for courts, foundation for centralized government, 3rd crusade

Philip IV

Collect taxes from clergy, Babylonian captivity, set up the estates-general

Louis IX

Sets up appeals court, outlawed private wars, ends serfdom, strong national feeling

Estates-general

1st estate-clergy, 2nd estate-lords, 3rd estate-commoners

Babylonian captivity

Philip IV captures the papacy and forces the next seven popes to live in Avignon

Great Schism

Two different popes claimed the other as illegitimate

Bubonic Plague

Ravaged Europe for three years, killing 40 million

Hundred years war

Edward III was denied his claimed of the french throne and lasted 1337-1453

Magna carta

Put a check on royal power, grant everyone special rights, 1214

100 years war major battles

Crecy, Poiters, Agincourt, Orleans