NUR 340 Chapter 3

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Morbidity

How frequently a disease occurs.

morality

Number of deaths resulting from a disease.

Morbidity rate

Frequency at which a disease occurs within a population.

morality rate

Number of deaths resulting from a disease.

illness

A person's unique response to a disease; an abnormal process involving a changed level of functioning.

disease

Pathologic changes in the structure or function of the body or mind.

wellness

An active state of being healthy through a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health.

what influences a persons perception of health?

Personal values and beliefs, family, culture, community, and society.

acute illness

Rapid onset of symptoms and lasts a relatively short time.

examples of acute illness

Pneumonia, appendicitis, diarrhea, common cold.

chronic illness

Long-term alteration in health with slow onset and possible periods of remission and exacerbation.

examples of chronic illness

Diabetes mellitus, arthritis, lupus, chronic lung disease.

characteristics of chronic illness

Permanent change, irreversible alterations, requires patient education, requires long-term care or support.

stage 1 of illness behavior:

Person recognizes a physical limitation or sensation. (experiencing symptoms)

stage 2 of illness behavior

Person accepts illness and seeks confirmation or treatment. (assuming the sick role)

stage 3 of illness behavior

Person relies on healthcare professionals for treatment. (assuming a dependent role)

stage 4 of illness behavior

Person gives up dependent role and resumes normal activities. (achieving recovery and rehabilitation)

A person self-medicating or deciding to visit a doctor is in what stage of illness behavior?

Stage 2

Major Risk Factors for Chronic Disease

Tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, alcohol consumption, uncontrolled hypertension, hyperlipidemia.

What percentage of chronic illness deaths are preventable?

20%–40%.

Health Equity

Attainment of the highest level of health for all people.

Health Disparity

Health differences closely linked with social, economic, or environmental disadvantage.

factors influencing health disparities

Race, ethnicity, poverty, sex, mental health, education, disabilities, sexual orientation, insurance status, age, and healthcare access.

social determinants of health

Conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health outcomes.

diversity

Welcoming individuals of different races, religions, nationalities, cultures, ages, sexual orientations, and identities.

Inclusion

Creating a sense of purpose and belonging for everyone.

equity

Ensuring everyone has access to the conditions needed to thrive.

isntitutional/structural racism

systemic policies and practices that create unequal outcomes.

Implicit (unconscious) bias

Attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding and actions unconsciously.

vulnerable populations

Groups at increased risk for poor physical, psychological, or social health.

four major factors affecting health and illness

Basic human needs, human dimensions, self-concept, and risk factors.

basic human needs

Essential needs that must be met to maintain health. (physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest)

If basic human needs are unmet, the person is at risk for what?

illness

in basic human needs, what are examples of safety needs?

security, safety

in basic human needs what classifies belongingness and love needs

intimate relationships and friendsi

in basic human needs, what classifies as esteem needs

prestige and feelings of accomplishments

in basic human needs what classifies as self actualization

achieving ones full potential, including creative activities

what are the 5 levels of basic human needs

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingnes and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization

Human dimensions: physical dimension

Genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender.

human dimensions: emotional dimension

How the mind affects body function and responds to body conditions.

human dimensions: intellectual dimension

Cognitive abilities, education, and experiences.

human dimension: environmental dimension

Housing, sanitation, climate, and pollution.

human dimensions: sociocultural dimension

Economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.

human dimensions: spiritual dimension

spiritual beliefs and values

Keeping in touch with neighbors to foster community feeling promotes which dimension?

sociocultural dimension

risk factor of illness definition

Something that increases a person's chances of illness or injury.

modifiable risk factors

Factors a person can change.

nonmodifiable risk factors

Factors that cannot be changed.

examples of nonmodifiable risk factors

Age and genetics.

examples of modifiable risk factors

Lifestyle and health habits.

major categories of risk factors for illness or injury

Age, genetic factors, physiologic factors, health habits, lifestyle, environment.

levels of prevention: Primary prevention

prevents disease before it occurs: promotes health

examples of primary prevention of illness

Immunizations, family planning, accident prevention, smoking cessation education.

Levels of prevention: secondary prevention

Early detection and treatment of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment

examples of secondary prevention

Blood pressure screenings, mammograms, vision exams, growth assessments.

prevention of illness: tertiary prevention

Reduces disability and promotes rehabilitation after diagnosis.

examples of tertiary prevention

Physical therapy after stroke, diabetes education, cancer support groups.

Blood pressure screening at a local mall is what level of prevention?

secondary prevention

Smoking cessation classes are what level of prevention?

primary prevention

Range-of-motion exercises for a bedridden patient are what level of prevention?

tertiary prevention

what are the 5 major models of health promotion and illness prevention

the health belief model, the health promotion model, the health-illness contiuum, the agent-host-environment model, the stages of change model

health belief model

Focuses on what people believe to be true about their health.

Three Components of Perceived Threat

1. Perceived susceptibility

2. Perceived seriousness

3. Perceived benefits of action

pu

purpose of health belief model

Explains why people engage in or avoid health-promoting behaviors.

what is percieved susceptibility?

the belief that you will or wont contract a disease

what is perceived seriousness of disease

how much a person may know about a disease and it’s risk

what is perceived benefits of action

a persons belief that a recommended action will prevent/modify the disease and the cost/effects of performing the action are viable

health promotion model

Explains how people interact with their environment while pursuing health.

predictors of health promoting behaviors

Personal, biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

goal of health promotion model

Positive health outcomes across the lifespan.

Three Additional Variables Added to the Revised Model of health belief model

• Activity-related affect

• Commitment to a plan of action

  • Immediate competing demands and preferences

health illness continuum

Views health as a constantly changing state between death and high-level wellness

purpose of health-illness continuum

Illustrates the dynamic nature of health.

Which model views health on a graduated scale between wellness and death?

health-illness continuum

Agent-host-environment model

Explains disease through interactions among an agent, host, and environment.

what is the most useful model for Infectious diseases.

agent-host-environment model

what is the agent in the agent-host-environment model

the factor causing the disease (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites)

what is the host in the agent-host-environment model

the susceptible person/animal

what is the environment in the agent-host-environment model

external factors affecting the disease transmission (climate, hosuing, healthcare settings, travel)

stages of change model:

Describes how people modify health behaviors over time.

stanges of change model: precontemplation

no intention of changing behavior, person may be unaware that a problem exists

stanges of change model: contemplation

person becomes aware there is a problem but has made no commitment to change

stanges of change model: preperation

the person is intent on taking action to correct the problem, has increased self-efficacy (believes they can make the change)

stanges of change model: action

the person is in active modification of behavior

stanges of change model: maintenance

sustained change occurs and new behaviors replace old ones (transitional stage)

stanges of change model: relapse

the person falls back into old patterns of behavior

stanges of change model:upward spiral

each time a person goes through the cycle, they learn from each relapse and (hopefully) grows stronger so that relapse is shorter or less devastating

which model of health and illness views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death being on opposite ends of a graduated scale?

health-illness continuum

A nurse is teaching a community health class about wellness. Which statement by a participant indicates an understanding of wellness?

A. "Wellness means I do not have any diseases."

B. "Wellness means I am physically healthy."

C. "Wellness is actively maintaining my physical, mental, and emotional health."

D. "Wellness depends entirely on my genetic makeup."

C. "Wellness is actively maintaining my physical, mental, and emotional health."

A nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with pneumonia. Which characteristic supports classifying pneumonia as an acute illness?

A. It causes permanent physiological changes.

B. It has a rapid onset and short duration.

C. It requires lifelong management.

D. It has periods of remission and exacerbation.

B. It has a rapid onset and short duration.

A client develops a fever and sore throat and schedules an appointment with a healthcare provider. According to the stages of illness behavior, which stage is the client demonstrating?

A. Experiencing symptoms

B. Assuming the sick role

C. Assuming a dependent role

D. Recovery and rehabilitation

B. Assuming the sick role

Which client statement reflects a health disparity?

A. "I exercise three times a week."

B. "I developed influenza despite receiving the vaccine."

C. "I cannot afford health insurance, so I delay seeking medical care."

D. "I have a family history of hypertension."

C. "I cannot afford health insurance, so I delay seeking medical care."

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A nurse is discussing social determinants of health. Which factor is considered a social determinant of health?

A. Blood type

B. Genetic mutation

C. Housing conditions

D. Eye color

C. Housing conditions

A nurse is caring for a client who reports feeling a strong sense of belonging through participation in community events. Which human dimension is being strengthened?

A. Physical

B. Emotional

C. Intellectual

D. Sociocultural

D. Sociocultural

Which factor is considered a nonmodifiable risk factor for illness?

A. Smoking

B. Sedentary lifestyle

C. Age

D. Alcohol consumption

C. Age

A nurse participates in a community blood pressure screening event. This activity is an example of which level of prevention?

A. Primary prevention

B. Secondary prevention

C. Tertiary prevention

D. Restorative prevention

B. Secondary prevention

Which nursing intervention is an example of primary prevention?

A. Teaching a client with diabetes to inspect their feet daily

B. Providing physical therapy to a stroke survivor

C. Administering childhood immunizations

D. Monitoring a client after cardiac surgery

C. Administering childhood immunizations

A nurse teaches a client with diabetes how to recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia and prevent complications. This teaching is an example of:

A. Primary prevention

B. Secondary prevention

C. Tertiary prevention

D. Health screening

C. Tertiary prevention

A nurse using the Health Belief Model understands that a client's likelihood of adopting healthy behaviors is influenced by which factors? (Select all that apply.)

A. Perceived susceptibility

B. Perceived seriousness

C. Perceived benefits of action

D. Genetic inheritance

E. Income level only

A. Perceived susceptibility

B. Perceived seriousness

C. Perceived benefits of action