Social Psychology Exam 3

Revised Aggression Theory

Frustration about unjust/unfair actions leads to anger and aggression cues, which create aggression
Ex: Frustration = your team loses

Unfairness = bad call by the ref
Cue = bat next to you
Aggression = smashing the TV

Racism

An individual’s prejudicial attributions and discriminatory behavior towards a given race

Prejudices

Preconceived judgments of a group and its individual members (negative attitude toward a group)
Ex: Women shouldn’t hold leadership positions

Discrimination

Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs about the personal attributions of a group of people (generalized beliefs about a group)

>Resistant to new information
Ex: Older people cannot use technology

Disclosure Reciprocity Effect

The tendency for one's personal intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conservative partner

>Revealing intimate aspects of each other’s lives equally

Just World Phenomenon

The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

>Ex: Rape, Wealth

Equity

A condition in which the outcomes people receive from their relationships are proportional to what they contribute

>Long term relationships don’t need short-term equity

> Doesn’t need to be eqaul could be 60%, 40% for individuals and vice versa

Implicit Prejudice

Automatic prejudices without consciously thinking about them

>Even with education, they may linger

>Can have a societal effect

Social Sources of Prejudice

>Maintaining differing social statuses

>Learned from parents/others

>Maintained by social institutions

Reciprocity Norms

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Social Responsibility Norm

An expectation that people will help those in need

Genuine Altruism

The unselfish concern for the welfare of others, characterized by actions that benefit others, often at a personal cost

>Empathy can cause actions (putting self in others shoes)

Adult Attachment Styles

Infant attachment styles lay the foundation for future relationships

>Secure: Rooted in trust marked by intimacy

>Insecure:

-Avoidant: Marked by discomfort/resistance to being close with others (can’t hold relationships)

-Anxious: Marked by anxiety/ambivalence (constantly worried about breakups)

Factors That Increase Helping Behavior

>Reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility

-Less anonymity

-Anticipation of interactions

-Personal appeals

>Awaken guilt over concern for self-image

-Asking for contributions so small that no isn’t an option

-Labeling people as helpful increases willingness

>Socialize altruism (focus on social benefits)

-Morally inclusive people are more likely to help others

-Moral exclusion: Perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness

-Modeling

-Attractiveness

Love and Physical Attraction

Appearance matters

>Matching Phenomenon: Only going after those in own league (League determined not only by looks but by money, smarts etc.)

>Physical Attractiveness Phenomenon: Beauty is good

Love

>Passionate Love: Lust and attraction (infatuation)

>Companionate Love: Love for those who are deeply intertwined in life (intimacy and commitment/trust)

>Romantic Love: State of intense longing for another (intimacy and longing)

Mere Exposure Effect

Liking towards things we are constantly exposed to (until it becomes repetitive and boring)

Altruism

Motive to increase another’s welfare (could be unconscious/slight interest in social benefits)

Over justification Effect

Bribing people to do what they already enjoy doing leads to feeling controlled and losing enjoyment

Group Influence on Aggression

Amplifies aggression and defuses responsibility

>Increases with distance and number

Violent Media Exposure and Aggression

Exposure amplifies aggression (specifically when aggression goes without consequence and is rewarded)

Violent Media Exposure and Perceptions of Frequency of Violent Crimes

Real crime perception increased with exposure to violent media

Porn Exposure

Distorts men’s perception of how women respond to coercion and increases violence towards women

>Lowers men’s views on women

Realistic Group Theory

Prejudice arises from competition between groups for sacred resources

Bystander Effect

Less likely to provide help with others around

>Increase with more people

Hormonal Influences on Aggression

>Testosterone increases aggression, and aggression increases testosterone (cycle feedback effect)

>Alcohol increases aggression

> Menstrual cycle increases aggression

Displaced Aggression

Frustration for unknown/intimidating source and directed at a safe source

Weapons effect

Mere exposure of weapons increases aggression (thoughts and behavior)

>Guns put psychological distance between the gun and the person