Psych Unit 4: Clinical Psych and smell/taste

Haptics

the active, exploratoory aspect of touch sensation and perception

tactile agnosia

struggle to identify common objects

Kinesthesis

our sense of bodily motion and position

nociception

activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

fast fibers

sharp/immediate pain

slow fibers

chronic/dull pain

gate-control theory

theory that explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit those messages

gustatory system

system involved in the sensation and perception of taste

primary taste

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami, number of tastebuds affects physiological experience of taste

olfactory system

the sense of smell; detection of airborne particles with specialized receptors in nose

olfactory epithelium

thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cillia (involved in perception of smell)

medical model

(of psychological diorders) using ones understanding of medical conditions to think about physiological conditions

abnormal psycholgy

the psychological study of mental illnesses

maladaptive behavior

behavior that hinders a persons ability to function in work, school, relationships, or society

3 criteria

1) behavior causes distress to self or others, 2) behavior impairs ability to function in day-to-day activites, 3) behavior increases risk of injury, death, legal problems, or punishment for breaking rules or other detrimental consequences

Diagnostic and statistical manuel for mental disorders (DSM-5)

manuel that establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders

Stigma

negative stereotypes about what it means to have a psychological disorder, may lead to discrimination, unjustified fears, and alienation

Insanity defense

legal strategy of claiming that a defendant was unable to differentiate between right and wrong when the criminal act was committed

Generalized anxiety disorder

type of anxiety disorder involving frequently elevated levels of anxety that arent directed at or limited to any particular situation

Panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by repeated episodes of sudden, very intense fear

Agoraphobia

an intense fear of having a panic attack or lower-level panic symptoms in public

Phobia

type of anxiety marked by severe, irrational fear of a particular object or situaion

Specific Phobia

disorders involving an intense fear of an object, activity, or organism

Social Anxiety Disorder

an irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, or embarrassed in public

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

type of anxiety disorder characterized by unwated, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions); repetitive stereotyped behaviors (compulsions); or a combonation of the two

Post-traumatic stress disorder

exposure to trauma, witnessing event, or prolonged/detailed information about trauma (graphic/cloe to home)

Major Depression

disorder marked by pro-longed and unjustified periods of sadness, feelings of hopelessness, and worthlessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical slugishness

Bipolar disorder

type of mood disorder characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy; sometimes referred to as manic depression

Neurogenesis

development of fnew nerve cells

depressive explanatory style

explains life with three qualities: internal, stable and global

Schizophrenia

collection of mental disorders characterized by chronic and significant breaks from reality, a lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and serious problems with attention and memory

Hallucinations

false perception fo rality, such as hearing internal voices

Delusions

false beliefs about reality

Positive symptoms

symptoms characterized by behaviors that shouldnt occur, such as confused/paranidthinking, and inappropriate emotional reactions

Negative symptoms

symptoms involving abscence of adaptive behavior

Catatonic schizophrenia

subtype of schizophrenia including episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile- sometimes, in bizzare positions- for extended periods of time

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

hypothesis that states irregular biological and environmental factors interact during child development to produce symptoms of schizophrenia

psychotherapy

processes for resolving personal, emotional, behavioral, and social problems so as to improve well-being

clinical psychologists

mental health professional with a doctoral degree who diagnoses and treats mental health problems ranging from the everyday to chronic and severe

counseling psychologists

mental health professional who typically works with people needing help with common problems such as stress, coping, and mild forms of depression/anxiety, rather than severe disorders

psychiatrist

physican who specializes in mental health and who diagnoses and treats mental disorders primarily through prescribing medications that influence brain chemistry

deinstitutionalization

grass-roots movement that pushed for returning people from mental insitutions to their communities and families and enabling them to revcieve treatment on outpatient basis

residential treatment centers

facilties that provide psychotherapy and life skills training so that residents can become integrated into society as best as possible

community psychology

area of psychologyy that focuses on identifying how individeuals mental health is influcned by the neighborhood, economics, and social groups, and other community based variables

emperically supported treatments

also known as evidence based therapies; treatments that have been tested and evaluated using sound research designs

therapeutic alliance

relationship that emerges in therapy

insight therapies

general term referring to psychotherapy that involved dialogues between client and terapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems/conflicts

psychodynamic therapies

forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconcious conflicts

psychoanalysis

an approach developed by Freud and his associates that attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influcned by unconcious processes

free association

therapeutic method that instructs patients to reveal any thoughts that arise no matter how odd/meaningless they seem

dream analysis

method of understanding unconcious thought by interpreting the manifest-conent (what happens) to get sense of latent content (unconscious elements motivating dream)

resistance

tendency of psychoanalysis patients to avoid directly answering crucial questions posed by therapist

transferrence

psychoanalytic process in which patients directly the emotional experiences that they are relving toward therapist

object-relations theory

variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experience and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning

person/client centered therapy

humanistic therapy method that focuses in individuals ability to olve own problems and reach their full potential with therapist encouragement

condtions of worth

appear to judge/lose affect affection for person who doesnt live to standards/expectations

unconditional positive regard

genuine, empathetic, nonjudgemental attention

behavioral therapy

form of therapy that addresses problem behaviors and thoughts, and the environmental factors that trigger them, as directly as possible

conditioned stimuli

anxiety provoking external/internal stimuli

exposure therapy

set of procedures in which exposure to a feared situation is done repeatedly and gradually under controlled conditions

systematic desensitization

technicque in which gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is blended with relaxtion training

virtual reality exposure (VRE)

therapeutic technicque that uses real-time computer graphical displays that create a sese that the client is immersed in an actual environment

cognitive-behavvioral therapy

form of therapy that consists of procedures such as exposure, cognitive restructuring, and stress inoculation training

cognitive restructuring

modify clients beliefs/interpretations so they can be viewed with greater objectivity/clarity

systems approach

orientation toward family therapy that involves identifying and understanding what each indivudal family member contributes to entire family dynamic

psychotropic drugs

medications designed to alter psychological functioning

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat disorders such as schizophrenia, and sometimes severe mood disorders

tardive dyskenisia

neurological condition marked by involuntary movements and facial ticks

anti-anxiety drugs

drugs perscribed to elevate mood and reduce other depression symptoms

monamine oxidse inhibitors

block enzyme activity of monoamine oxidase

tricyclic antidepressants

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

mood stabilizers

drugs that are used to prevent or reduce the manic side of bipolar disorder

Lesion

damaged area of tissue, such as group of nerve cells

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

psychiatric treatment in which an electrical current is passed through the brain to induce a temporary seziure

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

therapetic technicque in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful but safe magnetic field

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

technicue involving eletrically stimulating highly specific regions of brain

Deviance

One of four D’s, uncommon, unacceptable, or extreme according to the beliefs, expectations and values of a specific culture

Distress

One of four D’s, upsetting to the individual or people around them

Dysfunction

One of four D’s difficulty getting through daily activites

Danger

One of four D’s, ____ to oneself or others