health science psychosocial

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory

A theory comprising 8 stages of psychosocial development, each defined by a crisis or challenge.

Resolution of Crises in Erikson's Theory

Successfully resolving each stage results in healthy development; failure to resolve can lead to issues in later stages.

Trust vs. Mistrust

First conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 1 (Birth to 1 Year), centered around the key event of feeding.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Second conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 2 (1 to 3 Years), focused on toilet training.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Third conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 3 (3 to 6 Years), emphasizing independence through play.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Fourth conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 4 (6 to 12 Years), revolves around school and learning new skills.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Fifth conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 5 (12 to 20 Years), focuses on establishing identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Sixth conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 6 (20 to 40 Years), concerned with forming intimate relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Seventh conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 7 (40 to 65 Years), highlights contributions to society and the next generation.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Eighth conflict in Erikson's stages, occurring in Stage 8 (65 to Death), involves reflection on life.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory suggesting that humans are motivated by a series of needs arranged in a hierarchy.

Physiological Needs

Basic survival needs including air, food, water, shelter, and sleep.

Safety Needs

Needs related to health, employment, financial stability, and safety from harm.

Social Needs

The need for connection, including friendships, family, and social groups.

Esteem Needs

Needs for respect, recognition, self-esteem, and status.

Self-Actualization Needs

The realization of personal potential, personal growth, and creativity.

Denial (Kübler-Ross Stage)

The first stage of dying where the individual might say 'Not me.'

Anger (Kübler-Ross Stage)

The second stage of dying where the individual expresses anger by asking 'Why me?'

Bargaining (Kübler-Ross Stage)

The third stage of dying characterized by negotiation, often with a higher power, expressed as 'Yes, but...'

Depression (Kübler-Ross Stage)

The fourth stage of dying where the individual acknowledges their situation, often saying 'It’s me.'

Acceptance (Kübler-Ross Stage)

The final stage where the individual understands and accepts their fate.

Pulmonary Changes Leading to Death

Changes where oxygen supply decreases, leading to skin becoming pale, cool, or cyanotic.

Cardiovascular Changes Leading to Death

Heart weakens due to reduced oxygen leading to issues like pulmonary congestion.

Nervous System Decline Before Death

Decreased brain function, loss of sensation, and reduced sensitivity in limbs.

Common Reactions to Impending Death

Fear of abandonment, pain, loneliness, anxiety about unfinished business, and viewing death as an end or beginning.

Healthcare Worker’s Role for Dying Patients

Providing supportive care, managing pain, helping families prepare emotionally, and assisting with final tasks.