(2) RESEARCH METHODS IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ETHICS

APA GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Beneficence & Nonmaleficence

take care to do no harm or minimize harm

APA GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Fidelity & Responsibility

establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work

APA GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Integrity

promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness

APA GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Justice

fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services

APA GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Respect for People’s Rights & Dignity

respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

PAP GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples

respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, and beliefs; privacy, fairness, and justice

PAP GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and Peoples

working for the benefit of individuals and communities while doing no harm

PAP GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Integrity

honesty, truthfulness, and accuracy in all psychological activities

PAP GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

upholding ethical standards in research, practice, and education, contributing to the welfare of the community

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Informed consent may be waived if the research poses no distress or harm to participants

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Fair compensation for participation is allowed unless refused in advance

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Deception is only permissible if justified by significant scientific, educational, medical, or applied value and when non-deceptive alternatives are not possible

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Debriefing

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Animals should only be used if it's the only way to further understand human or animal behavior, increase understanding of the species used, or augment benefits to human or animal health and welfare

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Procedures that adversely affect the environment should be avoided

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Caution is needed when reporting results on vulnerable groups to avoid misuse

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Data fabrication is prohibited

PAP Code of Ethics in Research Key Points

Errors in published data should be corrected quickly

Basic Research Designs - Descriptive

aims to observe and record behavior

Basic Research Designs - Case Study

study of a certain individual or group

Basic Research Designs - Case Study

Low external validity

Basic Research Designs - Case Study

Cannot generalize to other populations and cannot make strong causal statements

Basic Research Designs - Case Study

Useful in rare cases, in-depth information

Basic Research Designs - Ethnographic Studies

seek to describe the pattern of relationships. Customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society’s way of life

Basic Research Designs - Ethnographic Studies

Case study of the culture

Basic Research Designs - Ethnographic Studies

Open to observer bias

Basic Research Designs - Ethnographic Studies

Help overcome cultural biases in theory and research and debunks the logic of Western-developed theories

Basic Research Designs - Correlational Study

examine the relationship between two or more variables

Basic Research Designs - Correlational Study

It determines the strength and direction of an association, but not necessarily a causal link

Basic Research Designs - Correlational Study

No random assignment

Basic Research Designs - Correlational Study

High external validity

Basic Research Designs - Experiment

establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables

Basic Research Designs - Experiment

Permits replication

Basic Research Designs - Experiment

Involves manipulation of the independent variable

Basic Research Designs - Experiment

Could encounter ethical issues

Basic Research Designs - Experiment

High internal validity

Basic Research Designs - Quasi-Experiment

natural experiment; compared people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups by circumstances of

Developmental Research Designs - Cross-Sectional Design

this design compares different age groups at a single point in time

Developmental Research Designs - Cross-Sectional Design

Less time-consuming

Developmental Research Designs - Cross-Sectional Design

Provides immediate information about age-related differences

Developmental Research Designs - Cross-Sectional Design

Can study multiple age groups simultaneously

Developmental Research Designs - Cross-Sectional Design

Cannot determine how individuals change over time

Cohort Effects

differences between age groups may be due to unique experiences of their generation (cohort) rather than actual developmental changes

Developmental Research Designs - Longitudinal Design

follows the same group of individuals over an extended period, measuring their characteristics or behaviors at multiple time points

Developmental Research Designs - Longitudinal Design

Can directly measure individual developmental changes

Developmental Research Designs - Longitudinal Design

Eliminates cohort effects because the same individuals are studied

Developmental Research Designs - Longitudinal Design

Can examine the stability of traits and the impact of early experiences on later development

Developmental Research Designs - Longitudinal Design

Time-consuming and expensive

Practice Effect

may perform differently on repeated measures due to familiarity with the tests

Developmental Research Designs - Longitudinal Design

Time-of-measurement effects

Participant’s Attrition

individuals may drop out of the study over time, potentially leading to a biased sample

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

Can separate age effects from cohort effects by comparing different cohorts at the same age and the same cohort at different ages

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

Provides information about both age-related changes within individuals and age-related differences between groups

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

Can be more efficient than a purely longitudinal study in terms of time and resources

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

More complex to design and analyze than cross-sectional or longitudinal studies

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

Still susceptible to some attrition and practice effects

Developmental Research Designs - Sequential Design

May not completely disentangle all developmental influences