Flashcards Part 1 - Cell Cycle & Mitosis + DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
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83 Terms
cell cycle
The series of events in which a cell grows, copies its DNA, and divides.
cell division
The process by which a parent cell produces new cells.
interphase
The stage of the cell cycle when the cell grows and copies its DNA.
mitosis
Division of the nucleus that produces two genetically identical nuclei.
cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm that forms two daughter cells.
chromosome
A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.
chromatin
Uncoiled DNA found in the nucleus when a cell is not dividing.
sister chromatids
Two identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
centromere
The region where sister chromatids are attached.
spindle
A structure of microtubules that moves chromosomes during cell division.
mitotic spindle
The spindle apparatus that separates chromosomes during mitosis.
prophase
The first stage of mitosis when chromosomes condense and the spindle forms.
prometaphase
The stage when the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
metaphase
The stage when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
anaphase
The stage when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
telophase
The stage when new nuclei form around each set of chromosomes.
centrosome
The cell structure that organizes spindle fibers.
somatic cell
A body cell that is not a reproductive cell.
diploid
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).
haploid
A cell containing one set of chromosomes (n).
homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs that carry the same genes but may have different alleles.
life cycle
The sequence of growth, development, and reproduction in an organism.
cell cycle control system
Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle.
anchorage dependence
The requirement that cells be attached to a surface before dividing.
density
dependent inhibition
tumor
A mass of abnormal cells caused by uncontrolled cell division.
benign tumor
A tumor that remains localized and does not spread.
malignant tumor
A cancerous tumor that can spread to other tissues.
cancer
A disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division.
metastasis
The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
cleavage furrow
The indentation that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells.
cell plate
The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells and becomes a new cell wall.
binary fission
A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where one cell divides into two identical cells.
adenine (A)
A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.
anticodon
A three
amino acid
The building block of proteins.
bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria.
base deletion
A mutation in which one or more DNA bases are removed.
base insertion
A mutation in which one or more DNA bases are added.
base pair
Two complementary nitrogenous bases bonded together in DNA.
codon
A three
cytosine (C)
A nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The molecule that stores genetic information.
DNA
The hereditary material that contains instructions for building proteins.
DNA ligase
An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together during replication.
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand.
double helix
The twisted ladder shape of DNA.
exon
A coding region of a gene that remains in mature mRNA.
frameshift mutation
A mutation caused by an insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame.
gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or trait.
genetic code
The set of rules that determines how codons specify amino acids.
guanine (G)
A nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine.
helicase
An enzyme that unwinds and separates DNA strands during replication.
intron
A noncoding region of a gene removed during RNA processing.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
missense mutation
A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein.
molecular biology
The study of biological processes at the molecular level.
mutagenesis
The process of producing mutations.
mutagens
Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations.
mutation
A change in the DNA sequence.
nonsense mutation
A mutation that changes a codon into a stop codon.
nucleotide
The basic unit of DNA and RNA consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
phages
Viruses that infect bacteria.
plasmid
A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria.
polynucleotide
A chain of nucleotides linked together.
polypeptide
A chain of amino acids that forms a protein.
replication
The process of copying DNA.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA that forms part of the structure of ribosomes.
ribosome
The organelle where proteins are made.
RNA polymerase
The enzyme that builds RNA during transcription.
RNA splicing
The removal of introns and joining of exons in RNA.
semiconservative model
The model of DNA replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.
silent mutation
A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence.
start codon
The codon AUG that signals the start of translation.
stop codon
A codon that signals the end of translation.
sugar
phosphate backbone
thymine (T)
A nitrogenous base in DNA that pairs with adenine.
transcription
The process of making mRNA from a DNA template.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
transformation
The uptake of foreign DNA by a cell.
translation
The process of building a protein from an mRNA template.
triplet code
The genetic code in which three nucleotides specify one amino acid.
uracil (U)
A nitrogenous base in RNA that pairs with adenine.