High and Late Middle Ages (Middle Ages Pt 3)

Towns, Crusades, Culture, Bubonic Plague, etc.

What are 3 divisions or parts of the Middle Ages?

500AD-1000AD: Early Middle Ages: many aspects of life went down
1000AD-1300AD: High Middle Ages: life got much better, and culture flourished
1300AD-1500AD: Late Middle Ages: terrible things happened, but achievement did not go back down

Early Middle Ages

500AD-1000AD: Many aspects of life went down

High Middle Ages

1000AD-1300AD: Life got much better. Culture flourished including Gothic Architecture, literature, early universities, scholastic philosophy

Late Middle Ages

1300AD-1500AD: terrible disasters happened, including the Bubonic Plague, the 100 Years War, and a crisis in the church. However, achievement did not go back down.

What are 3 things that declined in the Early Middle Ages

trade, towns and cities, and learning declined

What date was the turning point when life in Western Europe started to get better

1000AD

What happened to the climate around 1000CE?

the climate got warmer

What were the innovations in agriculture around this time?

three field system, heavy moldboard plow, better horse collar

Direct cause of increase in population that began around 1000CE?

more food

Where did cities first begin to revive & grow in Medieval Europe and 1000AD, and which cities were they?

Northern Italy: Genoa, Pisa, Venice

What region became known for "trade fairs", to which hundreds of merchants from Europe came to buy and sell?

Champagne in central France

Where was the region called Flanders, which became another place where trade revived?

what is now Belgium and the Netherlands

What was the most important item of trade, especially from Flanders and later England as well

Wool cloth

How were goods manufactured in the High Middle Ages in Western Europe

Each step carried out in worker's homes, but coordinated by a businessman

Term for a new business practice that allowed a person to deposit money in one bank and withdraw it from another?

Bill of exchange

What is capital in the context of money?

Money that is earned, saved and invested

Term for a document that gave a town freedom from the control of the lord that otherwise control the land?

Town Charter

Term for an association of the people who worked in a particular trade usually making the same type of product?

Craft guild

What group of powerful men pretty much controlled a Medieval Town?

Merchant's Guild

What was the series of steps by which a young person learned a trade or craft

Apprentice, Journeyman, Master

How could a serf get his freedom?

By living in a town for a year and a day

When there was a conflict between the King & Nobles, whose side did the merchants (middle class) tend to take?

King

What APPROXIMATE time period was the Crusades

1095-1291

For Christians, what was the holiest particular place in the Holy Land

Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

What was the set of events that led to the Crusades

Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for help against the Turks

Who was the Byzantine Emperor who asked the Pope for help, and who was the Pope who responded?

Byzantine Emperor Alexias asked Pope Urban II for help

What action did the Pope then take, that directly started the Crusades?

Pope gave a fiery speech in France calling on Christians to fight the Turks

True or False: Europeans fought Muslims on and off for 200 years with periods of peace

True

What was actually the first group of Crusaders who answered the call and headed for the Holy Land

Group of untrained peasants led by Peter the Hermit: "Peasants' Crusade"

Who were the Europeans that launched the 1st official Crusade: "1st Crusade"

A group of well trained mostly French knights led by several French Counts

What was the direct result of the 1st Crusade

Europeans succeeded and set up 4 "Crusader Kingdoms" in the Holy Land

Which Crusade ended in a treaty between Saladin, leader of the Muslims, and King Richard of England?

3rd Crusade

One of the most bizarre Crusades was the 4th Crusade. What happened?

Crusaders never reached the Holy Land but instead sacked Constantinople

What happened in the journal excerpt of the Muslim official regarding his son and a French knight?

The French Knight asked the Muslim to let his son come back to France with him

What does this journal kept by the Muslim official show about relationships between Christians & Europeans?

Sometimes they were friends and had friendly normal interaction

What famous Christian ruler was captured and held for ransom in the 7th Crusade, and died on the 8th Crusade?

Louis IX of France who became Saint Louis. He also freed the French serfs

By the end of the Crusades, about 1291, what was the result?

All the Holy Land was back under the control of Muslims

Which was a long term consequence of the Crusades?

European kings had more power, most European countries were more centralized

Which was a long term consequence of the Crusades

Europeans engaged in more trade and gained more knowledge.

What language was used by educated people, by the church & in education, all over Europe in the MIddle Ages?

Latin

What are the Romance languages, by definition?

Languages descended directly from Latin

What are some of the main Romance languages?

French, Spanish, Romanian, etc.

general term for a language variation that emerged in a particular place&is different from the standard language

Vernacular language

What is the this style of manuscript with elaborate decorations and miniature illustrations

illuminated manuscript

How were plays often presented in the Middle Ages

On traveling wagons; each scene was acted on a portable stage on a wagon

What is the work of medieval literature, the "Divine Comedy" about?

The author goes on an imaginary trip through purgatory, heaven & hell.

Who wrote the "Divine Comedy"?

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

What is the overall story of the "Canterbury Tales"

Pilgrims go together to the tomb of Thomas Becket & tell stories on the way

Who wrote the "Canterbury Tales"?

Geoffrey Chaucer

Term for the medieval philosophy that attempts to bring together faith and reason

Scholasticism

Who was the greatest of the European Medieval philosophers?

Thomas Aquinas

What was the most famous "proof" in this philosopher's famous work?

Rational proof of the existence of God

What is a basic idea of the Scholasticism philosophy

Truth can be reached both through faith & by reason

What is the style of architecture emerged about 1000-1150, and had higher ceilings than before?

Romanesque

What style of architecture emerged about 1150AD and had even higher ceilings than Romanesque?

Gothic

What did Gothic Architecture attempt to use as a symbol of God?

Light

What types of arches as associated with Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

Romanesque-rounded; Gothic-pointed

Which had bigger windows?

Romanesque: smaller windows; Gothic: bigger windows

Term for the exterior supports that allowed cathedrals to have bigger windows?

Flying buttresses

What is this style of architecture?

Romanesque

What is this style of architecture?

Gothic

What type of interior architecture is this?

Gothic

True or False: Education increased, especially for the growing Middle Class

True

What new trend in education arose about 1000AD in Western Europe?

Universities that granted degrees

What parts of the world suffered an epidemic of Bubonic Plague between 1330-1370AD?

Much of the world: Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe

What is the name of the bacillus and causes plague?

Yersinia Pestis

What is one of the main distinctive symptoms of Bubonic Plague

large swollen lymph nodes the size of an egg

About what percentage of the population is believed to have died of Bubonic Plague between 1347-1351

33%-50%

What was the name of the village in England that managed to stop the spread of the Plague by strict quarantine

Eyam

What are the correct dates of the 100 Years War?

1337-1453

Who were the two main countries who fought each other in the Hundred Years War

England and France

What was the main way Bubonic Plague was transmitted in the Middle Ages

fleas bit people and that spread the bacillus

What year during the High Middle Age did the Bubonic Plague enter Europe

1347

Who was the Italian writer who wrote a vivid description of the Bubonic Plague of the Middle Ages

Giovanni Boccaccio

When did the first known epidemic of Bubonic Plague occur in Europe?

During the time of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, in the 500's AD

Term for the strange practice during the Plague, of forming lines, each person beating the person in front of him

Flagellantion

The people of Medieval Europe generally did NOT blame the Bubonic Plague on which of the following

Fleas on rats

True or False: wages for the working class increased due to the Bubonic plague

true

How did the Hundred Years War begin?

French King died without an heir & the English king claimed his throne, the English attacked when he didn't get it

What weapon enabled the English to win stunning victories against the France in the 1st and 3rd quarters of this war?

Long Bow

What social class of people in England typically used the Long Bow?

peasants, or the lowest class

When the English faced the French at the battle of Crecy and at Agincourt, composition of the English army?

Mostly archers, with some mounted knights as a back up.

What was a social and political result in England of the new kind of army?

The common people became more important than they had been before.

What was another political and social result of the stunning English victories and Crecy and Agincourt

Increased the direct bond between the common Eng. people and the king

English writer who wrote about the battle of Agincourt & used the phrase "band of brothers" to describe the fighting men

Shakespeare

What was the most important result of the early use of cannon in the last quarter of the 100 Yr. War?

Castles were no longer proctection, and became obsolete

What was an overall result of the longbow, cannon and gunpowder

Knights were less important in war

What finally turned the tide of the 100 Year War against the English & helped the French push the English out?

Renewed courage inspired by the girl Joan of Arc

What eventually happened to Joan of Arc?

She was captured, and the Eng. burned her as a witch. She became a martyr

By the end of the 100 Year War, what was the situation between France and England?

France had pushed the English out of almost all of France & had their country back

What political change was happening in Spain between about 1100AD-1492AD?

Muslims & Christians were fighting, and the Christians were gradually pushing the Muslims out of Spain

What powerful king and queen of two Spanish kingdoms married, and together pushed Muslims out of Spain?

Ferdinand and Isabella

When Christians completed the reconquest of Spain in 1453, what did they do?

Spain forced non-Christians to leave Spain

What is the term for when Spain put people on trial to determine if they were really Christian&often used torture

Inquisition

What was the basis for the big controversy between the French king and the Pope that began in 1294?

French king wanted to tax the Church in France

What is the period of time known in Medieval History as the Babylonian Captivity, from 1309-1377?

Popes lived in Avignon, a city near France, instead of in Rome

What caused more disruption in the Church between 1377-1417

2 & even 3 men claimed to be the rightful Pope

After the Church settled the controversy of the multiple Popes, what was the result?

Some Christians no longer held the Pope in such high esteem.

Who was the English priest and university professor who began to criticize the Church in the 1300's?

John Wycliffe

What did John Wycliff assert?

The Church was too rich, and should return to Christ-like poverty, and the Bible, not the Pope, should be the main authority in the Church