APUSH All terms Period 7 pt 2

1920’s In general - Roaring 20’s

• The War is over - men are coming home ready to celebrate

• businesses were making war materials but now they can make consumer goods again

• lots of buying things “on time” —> (Consumers would pay a small down payment and agree to pay the remaining balance over a period of months or years, often with added interest.)

• advertising begins (flyers, posters, newspaper)

• radio, automobile, appliances to make life easier (washing machines)

1920’s Politics

• Harding (1920-23) and Coolidge (1923-28) - both Republicans, returned to the Gilded Age practices

• Andrew Melon - Secretary of Treasury who believed in trickle down

• Herbert Hoover - secretary of commerce

• 1922 Fordney McComber - increase to tariff 38%

• conservative + laissez faire

• monopolies grow

• SCCJ - Taft

Election 1928

Rep - Herbert Hoover (1929-33)

Dem - A Smith (Catholic, Irish, Tammany boss) - Amer strongly disliked this candidate

Hoover: “Poverty will be banished and everybody ought to be rich”

1929 Short term Causes of Great Depression/ Wall Street Crash

1. Bull Market - 1920 stock price and value increased (name for the strong stock market), people thought that if you are in stocks you will make big money and it will pay off

2. Buy stocks “On the Margain” —> This technique allowed amateur investors to purchase more stock than they could afford, driving up stock prices artificially + in 1929 Crash Trigger: When stock prices plunged, brokers issued "margin calls," forcing investors to pay back loans immediately, leading to forced selling, further crashes, and bank failures.

3. Bankers become brokers - banks were privately owned and when people gave them their money they could use the money and invest it into the stock market, and when it made money they could pocket the profit made

4. Over speculation of the stock market - people were gambling and buying things they don't have the money to buy

Oct 1929 - Black Tuesday - stock crashed - the stock had a decrease which made people panic (the people who were in the know and could see this decrease coming already and felt like they had to sell their stocks so they had already done so other people began finding this out, causing everyone to rush to sell their stocks at the same time and the market crashed in on itself

Long Term Causes of Great Depression

1. Weak/Sick Industries - those who once made a lot of money that didn't anymore

• Cotton - was replaced by synthetics during the war

• RR - replaced/overlooked by better forms of transportation (cars + planes)

• coal

2. Overproduction - durable goods and underconsumptioj

• there were less consumers also because of immigration limitations

3. Income Inequality (disparity)

• ½ people lived below the poverty line

4. Unstable Banking - mismanagement and stock usage

5. Weak International Trade

• war ended and other countries don't need us as much

• 1930 Hawley Smoot Tarrif - 60%

Great Depression

• 1932 22% banks closed

• thousands businesses closed

• unemployment 25% (13mil)

• Blacks and immigrants hit the hardest especially unskilled laborers

• total wages dropped

Herbert Hoover’s responses to the Great Depression

1. Federal Farm Board - gave 500mil to farmers

2. Voluntary help

• urged to not lay off workers

• secured no strike pledges

• contribute to charities

3. Public Works - 750mil + Hoover Dam

4. Freeze International Debt - ask other countries to not collect our debt

5. Reconstruction Finnance Corp

• 500mil for loans to businesses and banks

• 300mil to states

1932 Bonus Army

• WWI vets plea for early payout

• sent troops to stop protest and set their protest town on fire

Election 1932

Dem - Franklin Roosevelt (born wealthy, lawyer): “I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people”. He promised:

• balanced budget

• gov aid for unemployement

• repeal of prohibition

Rep - Herbert Hoover (self made millionaire). He promised:

• higher tarrifs

• use of gold standard (. The government guarantees conversion of paper money into gold at a set price, ensuring money supply is limited by physical gold reserves, which prevents uncontrolled inflation)

• free enterprise (an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control.)

Roosevelt wins - picked up Afr Amer votes. Marries Eleanor Roosevelt who has a newspaper column, active 1st lady, spokesperson for the UN

FDR Inagural: “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

20th Amendment 1933

Pres, VP, and Congressional terms begin in Jan instead of March

21st Amendment 1933

Repeals prohibition (18th amendment)

FDR’s Administration

• “brain trust” - unofficial people who will give him advice

• Frances Perkins - sec labor, 1st female cabinet member

• Cordell Hull - sec state

Fireside Chats

used by FDR: Using radio to brodcast his ideas and plans to the American people

The New Deal = FDR’s Domestic Policy (3R’s) Overall

1. Relief - short term - the food bowl to provide temporary relief to people out of work

2. Recovery - med term - twin pillars (NRA + AAA)

3. Reform - long term foundation for US Econ

Run on Banks

When people find out the banks is on the verge of closing so they run and get their money back but the bankers misused their money so they shut the doors on them

Bank Holiday

When the federal government required every bank to close until fed gov could check their solvency (meaning that their $ was there and that the bank was operating on good faith)

Were we on the gold standard

No - transitioned the dollar to a fiat system, where money is backed by government trust rather than physical gold. This allows the Federal Reserve to freely manage the money supply, lowering interest rates and printing money to combat economic crises, but it also enables increased inflation, government debt expansion, and lower purchasing power - this creates elasticity and increases the money supply.

Emergency Banking relief act 1933

Calls for bank holiday - told people he would reopen banks soon, many mid class began to like FDR

Glass Stegal Banking Act

Prohibited banks from investing savings diposits in the Stock Market and establishes the federal deposit insurance corp FDIC

Federal deposit insurance corp (FDIC)

Ensured bank deposits in all banks were members - if the bank closes, gov will pay you back your lost $

Securities and exchange commission (SEC)

Eliminate fraud in the stock market - protest stock market investors

Relief program goals

1. get people back to work to get them $ to feed their families

2. not meant to be long term

3. created jobs

4. created to last just long enough to get people back on their feet

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 1933-42

Put young men to work, created an agency controlled by the war department to oversee, have men work on environmental projects, 30$ month and lived in barracks and fed so it allowed them to send all the money to the families

Federal Emergency Relief Admin (FERA)

Gave people jobs and provided 500mil in aid

Works progress admin (WPA)

Create jobs, build hospitals, schools, airports, gave artists job (federal money for federal projects)

Public works Admin (PWA)

build schools, dams, refurbishing gov (money for the states and local governments)

Relief Farmers:

• goal to eliminate surpluses

• pay farmers to not grow as much and give them subsidies

• the gov taxed food processing plants to pay the farmers which was very controversial

Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)

Help farmers who are overproducing

Butler v US 1935

• ruled regulatory taxing of the AAA was unconstitutional

• fed gov cant tax business that bought agric products to pay farmers

The Dust Bowl

Over production in the Great Plains and overgrazing w/o taking care of the land destroyed the environment and drought, causing mass dust clouds

Dorothea Lange

Take pictures of people to show what americans were going through in the Great Depression

CCC has their men go and plant trees to help this dust bowl

What happened to gov control in the New Deal?

It increased as federal agencies became massive and was very exspensive

National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)

goal of this act was to get the industry back on track and designed to prevent:

1. extreme competition

2. overproduction

3. labor management

Sent representatives to Board to write codes of buisiness:

1. max hrs

2. min wage

3. min price set

4. production quotas

• Section 7a: workers right to collective bargain protected (unions and owners to agree on contract) + yellow dog contracts forbidden

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

This administration enforced codes, if businesses followed the codes they would get blue eagle sticker to display on the front door of their shop

• this really hurts small businesses because they don't have the resources to follow the codes

Schechter v US 1935

Supreme court case that determines the executive branch cant set codes/make legislation (only Congress) (shuts down NRA)

Wagner Act

This follows 7a of NIRA (workers right to collective bargaining and ban yellow dog contracts)

• another labor Union legislative support

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

• head is John Lewis

• used sit down strikes

Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA)

this was an experiment on regional planing

• reform monopoly on utilities

• hydro electric powerplant built Muscle Shoals, TN

• provided jobs, electricity, fixed flooding, erosion, reforest

• seen as leaning towards socialism

• (1933 as a federal corporation to provide affordable electricity, manage natural resources, and drive economic development)

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

foundation of mortgage loans

• gave out loans for homes and rennovations if person put 10% down

• practiced red lining = minorities couldn't get loans

Social Security Act

provided:

1. unemployment beneits

2. old age pensions

3. $ for dependents (under 18 if parents die)

4. $ for disabled

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

Known as the “Indian New Deal”

1. repealed Dawes act 1887 - if you can improve the land you can live there

2. restores reservations

3. allows NAI cultural practices

1924 NAI became citizens and were counted in the census

What was a critic of the new deal (politically)?

It was seen as too close to communism

1936 election

In this election a new Democratic party coalition formed

• added Afr Americans, city machines, S, intellects, mid class

Dems - FDR

Rep - Landon

Court Packing scheme 1937

This was a political effort to increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court, usually to change its ideological balance and obtain more favorable rulings - made by FDR where he got the Dems to propose Judicial Reorganization Bill ‘37 which said that justices 70 and up retire or the president can appoint a new justics

6/9 justices at the time were 70 and up (he wanted the Dem majority)

people called him a dictator for this

(FDR's 1937 Plan:

President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed adding one new justice for every incumbent justice over the age of 70, capping at six, after the Court struck down several New Deal programs.

• "Switch in Time": The plan faced heavy criticism and failed, but likely pressured the Court to start upholding New Deal legislation in what was called "a switch in time saved nine".)

Washington Naval Conference 1921+22

The US holds this to address naval buildups before WWI

• Br, US, Japan, Fr, Italy

• 5-5-3 Battleship tonnage ratio (US-Br-Jap)

1924 Dawes plan

The allies owe the US 16 bil and they want us to forgive them so they don't have to pay

We loan 2.5bil to Ger gov so they can repay Br and Fr so then Br + Fr can repay us

Kellog-Briand Treaty

Between US + Fr - denounce war (unless pushed into it) (signed by 62 other nations)

What role did the great depression play into the road to WWII?

it dragged the world down and lead to the rise of totalitarian dictatorships

Good Neighbor Policy

shifted U.S.-Latin American relations toward non-intervention, reciprocal trade, and cooperation rather than military force. Aimed at building hemispheric solidarity against rising global tensions, it withdrew troops from the Caribbean and abrogated the Platt Amendment

Secretary of State Cordell Hull

• reciprocated trade agreements which were bilateral (he went to each country and negotiated tariffs - what they tariff us is what we tariff them)

Rise of Facism Totlitarian 1922-30s

• Italy - 1922 Mussolini: creator of the fascist party, anti-comm, expansionist, use black shirts

• Germany - 1933 Hitler + Nazi party: dictator, Holocaust, final solution

• Japan - 1930s Militarism + Japan: they want raw materials to expand, the mil there took over the gov, big expantionists

• USSR - Stalin - communist totalitarian

In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria - they withdrew from the LON because they were being penalized

Neutrality Acts - 1935, 36, 37

Said that we wont send arms or loans to warring nations + no Amer travel on ships of warring

1937 Cash and Carry

We will sell non military stuff - if we get cash and come to the US to get it

1937 Quarantine Speech

Speech given by FDR after japan launched full scale attack on S China - it said we should decrease aggression with economic sanctions (referring to aggressive nations)

WWI (from 1937-38)

• us Econ increased (we sell non war materials with cash and carry)

• unemployment decreased

• end Great Depression

Arsenal of Democracy speech

Made by FDR, said the the Nazi aim was world domination, questioning if we can remain neutral, US will be a warehouse of allies

Sept 1940

• destroyer bases deal - us give 50 of our wwI Battle ships to Br and they give us access to 8 Br naval bases

• committee to defend America - war organization who want in the war - called internationalists

vs

• America first comittee - led by Charles Lindbergh and who doesn't want the war: “eng will fight to the last

Four freedoms Speech 1941 jan

Speech by FDR to protect:

1. freedom of speech

2. religion

3. want Econ soundness

4. fear (from Nazi’s)

Lend Lease Act

This act gave mil materials to any nation that government deemed vital to US security - they can pay us back later

people called this the blank check (this is no longer neutrality - 1941 = not neutral)

Atlantic Charter 1941

• churchill and FDR secretly meet - they will do no territory changes when Ger defeated (give countries their land back)

• form new system for general security to replace LON (United Nations)

Pearl Harbor 1941

• Japanese bombing on American soil - 8 battleships sunk, 188 planes, 10 ships, 2,5000 American died

• lead to the Dec 8th declaration of war

• Hitler and Mussolin declare war on US couple days later (war becomes 2 fronts - Asia + Euro)

• this event was said to have “awoke a sleeping giant”

Selective service act

drafted men 18-65 yrs old

Double V-camp

demanded full civil rights at home and fight abraod

• Tuskegee airmen (all black)

• Women- WACs + Waves (names of their units) - women never on the frontline but can be pilots and bring cargo

How did NAI helo aid WW2?

The Navajo code talkers - formed a code that none of the other countries could break and helped to communicate secret messages for the Americans

What were Japanese people’s role in WW2?

Thousands of them served in the armed services, our military forced them into the dessert (people who don't serve)

Office for war mobilization

Created to increase war production

War Production board 1942

Regulated the use of raw materials, produced propaganda - radio use, posters

½ of US factories create war materials

Women on the Homefront

• 5mil joined the labor force

• Rosie the Riveter (we can do it

• minority of females worked in munition

• family income increase (still paid less than 2/3 of what men get paid)

• Society believed that men should receive a “family wage” + women taking jobs away from men

Subelt migration

S part of Amer, as we see new factories during WW2

population power shift fro NE to SW + S influence society and politics (electoral votes)

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

• ratioining of resources: mandatory and not voluntary like in ww1

• certificate plan: buy bigger ticket items = have to apply to local rationing board

• coupon plan: coupon books to buy meat, coffee, sugar, and gas

Funding ww2

• tax increase + expand graduated income tax

• 3/5 war borrowed (war bonds) 185 bill off of this

• lots of propaganda

Office of Scientific research and Development (OSRD)

Manhattan project 1942 - research all aspects of building an atomic bomb

Albert einstein + Enrico Ferni warned FDR 1939 that Ger was working on a bomb

Scientist Robert Oppenheimer tasked to build atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico

• build more complicated sonar and radar

• bomb tested - “trinity test” in New Mexico

A Phillip Randolph

Father of civil rights movement with 3 demands:

1. access to defense jobs (pay more)

2. desegregation of armed forces

3. end segregation in federal agencies

President of the “Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters” - union

Detroit Race Riot 1943

Event where 25 blacks and 9 whites died

6,000 federal troops sent - much property damage

(a violent, three-day racial conflict from June 20–22, 1943, in Detroit, Michigan, driven by wartime overcrowding, segregation, and intense competition for housing and jobs.)

March on Washington Movement

Movement led by Randolph that proposed a march on DC in ‘41: FDR concerned so issues an executive order 8802

• establish fair employment practice committees (FEPC) to investigate violations in defense industries - never passed (Randolph cancels the march as a result)

• post WW2 - Randolph’s pressures led to Pres Truman desegregation of armed forces

Bracero program 1942

• fed gov needs farm workers - issue short term work permits to Mexican workers (after US gov went to Mexican gov for mexicans to come to america to work our farms)

• we deported ½ mil Mexicans in the Great Depression

• this agreement would expire in 47 and people will be getting deported again

Zoot Suit Riot

Young Mex Americans targeted by white Military, press connected zooters to crime (clothing set them apart b/c people believe its too much fabric that could be used for the war effort)

in 1942 at nightclub in LA - white men go out on spree of zooters

Japanese Internment

• war dept after pearl harbor deemed all Jap Am as potential 5th column threat + believe they might sell info to Japan

• FDR issued Executive Order 9066 - began relocation of Jap Americans

• gave the Japanese 48 hours to dispose of their belongings, 10 camps in 7 states

• remained there for the rest of ww2

Korematsu Case 1944

Supreme court case - Mr korematsu who lost a lot of his possessions during internment + supreme court uphold internment + that this was legal

eventually give $ to Jap Amer in 80’s + 90’s

D-Day Invasion of Normandy (June 6th, 1944)

Known as “operation overload”

• general Dwight D eisenhower

• storm beaches on Normandy Coast

• try to break Nazi Atl wall

• we successfully liberate Paris Aug ‘44

• push back to Berlin - Ger collapsing on itself, soviets convince us to let them go 1st, Hitler commits suicide in Apr 1945 because he was losing

Pacific Theater + end of the war

1. Midway - turning point in the pacific

• broke the Japanese code before the battle - J on the defense

2. Island Hopping - neutralize J strength by skipping less significant islands - goal to push J to mainland

3. Iwo Jima + Okinawa: savage fighting, high casualties on both sides, bloodshed influenced usage of atomic bombs

4. Conventional bombing of J mainland (Tokyo) destroyed 60% infastructure

1944 Election

Dem (liberal) - FDR with his new running mate HS Truman (pulled mid-west vote, moderate Dem)

Rep - T. Dewey

Apr 12, 1945 FDR died and Truman became the president

Postdam 1945 July

Conference with Truman, Stalin, Atlee (br)

• warns to surrender or face utter destruction - which J ignores

• we drop the 1st atomic bomb

Hiroshima

8/6/1945 bomb called Little Boy - 80,000 dead

Nagasaki

8/9/1945 - bomb called “Fat Man” , 60,000 dead

8/15/1945 Japan surrenders

Why did we use atomic bombs

1. save countless lives (our civilians and mil)

2. intimidate SU (Stalin)

Holocaust

6 mil Jews died in the “Final Solution”

• Americanism of 1920 - hunt Jews (we don't let many immigrants in at this time)

• US armed forces - literate camps - see 1st hands the atrocities and horror of concentration camps

Roots of Cold War

Us Viewpoint

1. Stalin promise of “free - yet he was creating “sphere of influence” dominated by Moscow

2. want new markets and fuel

3. want democracy to spread

SU Viewpoint

1. bitter that the US didn't open the front in the E + as a result the Soviets faced the bront of the Nazi’s until ‘44

2. US terminated land-lease to SU (didn't lend to SU)

3. want “buffer zone” between them and germany

Churchill’s Iron curtain speech 1946

Said that Europe should be divided into 2 spheres (Dem vs Comm)

warn the US

Shaping Post World War

1. International Monetary fund + world bank = loans and econ growth - trying to set up world to function economically

2. UN - 1945 general assembly + security council (5- US, USSR, China, Br, Fr) + 7 other countries that would rotate onto the council every 2 years

3. Nuremberg + Tokyo war crimes tribunal - held Nazis and Jap accountable for crimes against humanity

4. Partitioning

• Ger : 4 zones (SU,Fr,Br,US), W vs E the SU didn't want to help the people of Ger rebuild + Berlin gets divided into 4 zones as well

• Japanese occupation - 7yrs led by D.Mac Arthur - wrote a new constitution that mirrors ours

• denounced the millitary