Lecture 20

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What are the first line of defense that block entry to the body?

Physical Barriers, Microbiota Barrier, Chemical Barriers

What are the second line of defense that activates after a microbe has entered the body?

Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever, Antimicrobial Products

What are the third line of defense that are specific?

B cells, T cells

[Fill in the Blanks]

First Line of Defense: Anatomical Barriers

• (Blank)

  • Outermost layer (keratin)

  • Hair follicles

  • [redacted] glands

• (Blank)

  • Digestive

  • Urinary

  • Respiratory

  • Eye

Skin, Mucous Membrane

The trachea & respiratory tree contain what that traps and propel particles out of the respiratory tract?

Cilia

[Fill in the Blanks]

First Line: Chemical Barriers

• Sebaceous secretions - (BLANK) (skin oil)

• Eyelid glands - meibomian gland

• Tears and Saliva - (BLANK) - hydrolyzes peptidoglycan

• (BLANK)

  • Sweat, stomach, skin, vagina, Semen

Sebum, Lysozyme, Acidic or Basic pH

An example of nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is

Lysozyme in saliva

Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea?

Cilia

What is the term for the study of the development of resistance to infectious agents by the body?

Immunology

[Fill in the Blanks]

The immune system is responsible for

1. (BLANK) of the body

2. (BLANK) of foreign material

3. (BLANK) of foreign material or agent

Surveillance, Recognition, Destruction

What cell is able to recognize self-markers on host cells and nonself (foreign) markers on the invading microbe or foreign agent?

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Markers on host cells can be made of what 2 things?

Proteins and/or Sugars

What is the term for when WBCs lack self-marker recognition making it respond and attack host cells?

Autoimmune Disorders

[True or False]

Tissues, Organs, and Cells of the Immune system are all integrated.

True

What is the acronym to remember the 4 systems part of our immune system which includes:

• Reticuloendothelial system (RES) [aka MPS]

• Extracellular fluids system (ECF)

• Blood or circulatory system

• Lymphatic System

REBL

What system explains that phagocytic cells are located in the network of connective tissue fibers (reticulum) that interconnects cells allowing the immune cells to bind and move outside the blood and lymphatic system?

Reticuloendothelial (RES) Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

In the Reticuloendothelial (RES) Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS), are WBC present in high or low #?

high

[True or False]

The Reticuloendothelial (RES) Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) does not overlap with the lymphatic system and is not considered outdated.

False

What system explains the spaces surrounding tissue cells and RES which enable immune cells to move?

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

What is the term for the blood cells suspended in plasma?

Whole blood

Which portion of the blood is described:

• 92% water

• Rest is nutrients, hormones, clotting factors, immunochemicals, ions, dissolved gases, & waste products

• Slightly yellowish

Plasma

What cells are the precursor to blood?

Stem cells

What is the term for the production of blood?

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

At which stage of birth does Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis start where there is a yolk sac and Liver & Lymphatic organs?

Embryonic Stage

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis continues during the adult stage in what location of the body?

(in) Bone Marrow

[Fill in the Blanks]

Stem Cells

• WBC = (BLANK)

• RBC = (BLANK)

• Platelets = (BLANK)

Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes

[True or False]

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes are hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.

True

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into what 2 cells?

T cells and B Cells

Are the following Granulocytes or Agranulocytes?

• Neutrophils

• Basophils

• Eosinophils

Granulocytes

Are the following Granulocytes or Agranulocytes?

• Monocytes

• Lymphocytes

  • T cells

  • B cells

Agranulocytes

Which granulocyte is described:

• Polymorphonuclear [redacted] (PMNs)

• Nuclei

  • Horse shoe or polymorphic

• Phagocytizes bacteria

  • Granules with digestive enzymes

• First to arrive during an immune response (inflammation)

• 55-90% of WBC

Neutrophils

Which granulocyte is described:

• Nuclei

  • Bilobed

• Attack and destroy eukaryotic pathogens

  • Granules with digestive enzymes, toxic proteins, inflammatory chemicals

• Associated with inflammation & allergies

• 1-3% of WBC

Eosinophils

Which granulocyte is described:

• Nuclei

  • Constricted

• < 0.5% of WBCs - very low

• Functions similar to eosinophils

• Motile

• Largest granulocyte

Basophils

Which agranulocyte is described:

• Nuclei

  • Kidney-shaped

  • No large granules

• 3-7% of WBC

• Largest of all WBC

• Long-lived

• Vacuoles with digestive enzymes

• Differentiate into

  • Macrophages or Dendritic cells

• Phagocytosis

Monocytes

[True or False]

The vacuoles of monocytes are filled with digestive enzymes.

True

Monocytes can differentiate to what 2 cells?

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

Which agranulocyte is described:

• Nuclei

  • circular

  • Lack granules

• Third line of defense

• 20-35% of WBCs

• Specific immunity

  • B cells

  • T cells

  • Null cells (natural killer)

• Present throughout the body

Lymphocytes

What is the acronym to help remember the WBC types from most to least common?

NLMEB

What is the role of Red blood cells?

Transport oxygen & CO₂

Which blood cell type releases blood clotting agents along and are also:

• Hemostasis function (plug up broken blood vessels)

• Tag bloodborne bacteria for immune response in spleen

• no whole cells

• blue-gray with fine red granules

• small

Platelets

What is the term for the network of vessels that extend to most body areas connecting to the blood/circulatory system and includes the following:

• Fluids

• Vessels

• Nodes

• Spleen

• Thymus

• Miscellaneous

Lymphatic System

[Fill in the Blanks]

Functions of the Lymphatic System

1. Provides an auxiliary (BLANK) for the return of extracellular (BLANK) to the circulatory system

2. “(BLANK) off” system for inflammatory response

3. Surveillance, recognition, and (BLANK) via lymphocytes, phagocytes and (BLANK)

route, fluid, drain, protection, antibodies

What is the term for the plasma-like fluid of the lymphatic system that is formed from blood components that diffuse into the lymphatic capillaries?

Composed of:

• Water, Dissolved salts, Proteins (antibodies, albumin), White blood cells (lymphocytes)

May contain:

• Fats, cellular debris, infectious agents

Lymph

[True or False]

Lymph contains red blood cells.

False

What is the term for the vessels that run parallel to the blood system (similar to thin-walled veins) that permeate all parts of the body except central nervous system, bone, placenta, and thymus?

Lymphatic Vessels

[Fill in the Blanks]

The function of the lymphatic vessels is to return (BLANK) to the (BLANK).

lymph, blood system

The movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels depends on what?

Muscle contractions

Which part of the lymphatic system is described:

• Filter for the lymph

• Provide environment for immune reactions

• Exist in clusters

• Located in the

  • lymphatic channels and blood vessels

  • thoracic and abdominal cavity regions

  • armpit (axillary [redacted])

  • groin (inguinal [redacted])

  • neck (cervical [redacted])

Lymph Nodes

Which part of the lymphatic system is described:

• Filter for blood

  • traps and phagocytizes pathogens

• Located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

Spleen

[True or False]

Adults cannot survive without a spleen and children without a spleen are not immunocompromised

False

Which part of the lymphatic system is described:

• Main function - releases mature T cells

• High activity until puberty

• Embryo

  • two lobes in the pharyngeal region

Thymus

[True or False]

Infants rely on the Thymus to differentiate immature T cells into mature T cells.

True

[True or False]

The thymus in adults gradually shrink because the lymph node and spleen are able to supply mature T cells

True

[Other Lymph Tissue]

There are bundles of what that can recognize microbes or foreign agents in food and air?

• beneath skin or on mucosal surfaces

lymphocytes

[Other Lymph Tissue]

What is the term for the ring of tissue with lymphocytes?

Tonsils

[Other Lymph Tissue]

What are the 3 acronyms to help remember the lymph tissues which are the following:

• Skin-associated lymphoid tissue

• Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

  • ex: Appendix, lacteals, Peyer’s patches

SALT, MALT, GALT

The Appendix, lacteals, and Peyer’s patches are a part of which lymph tissues?

GALT

The following are part of which line of defense?

• Inflammation (includes fever)

• Phagocytosis

• Antimicrobial Proteins

  • Interferon

  • Complement

  • Antimicrobial peptides

  • Restriction factors

Second Line of Defense: Non-Specific Immunity

Which non-specific immunity occurs as a reaction to a traumatic event in the tissues with the following five major symptoms?

• Rubor

• Calor

• Tumor

• Dolor

• Loss of function

Inflammation

Fill in the following inflammatory signs

• (BLANK): redness

• (BLANK): warmth/heat

• (BLANK): swelling

• (BLANK): pain

rubor, calor, tumor, dolor

[Fill in the Blanks]

Causes of Inflammation

• (BLANK)

• Tissue (BLANK) due to physical or chemical agents

• Specific (BLANK) reactions

trauma, injury, immune

[Fill in the Blanks]

Functions of Inflammation

1. Mobilize and attract (BLANK) components to the site of injury

2. Aid in the repair of (BLANK) damage

3. Localize and (BLANK) harmful substances

4. Destroy microbes and block their (BLANK)

immune, tissue, remove, invasion

Which non-specific immunity inhibits microbe and viral replication, reduces nutrient availability, and increases immune reactions by raising the natural temperature of the body?

Fever

Fevers are caused by what that reset the hypothalamic thermostat and causes vasoconstriction?

Pyrogens

[Fill in the Blanks]

(BLANK) pyrogens

• outside body

• viruses, bacteria, protozoans, & fungi

• Ex: gram-negative LPS on cell wall (endotoxin)

(BLANK) pyrogens

• originate internally

• Leukocyte products (ex: interleukins)

Exogenous, Endogenous

Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?

Thyroid gland

Which of the following inflammatory signs specifies pain?

dolor

Essay Question:

List and briefly describe the four participants in the non-specific immune system.

Reticuloendothelial System (RES): passageway and between tissues and organs; WBCs present, macrophages

Extracellular Fluid: space around tissues and cells; enables immune cells to move

Blood: distributor of WBCs which help fight infectious agents in various ways

Lymphatic System: complex system of Fluids, tissues, & organs; help distribute WBCs that fight infectious agents