Alkanes

properties

all nonpolar bonds, organic soluble

isomer

same molecular formula but different molecules

types of isomers

constitutional and stereomer

constitutional isomer

change what is attatched to eachother

stereo isomer

same attatchement points but different orientations

types of stereoisomers

enantiomers and diastereomers

enanteomers

all chiral centers change

enanteomer properties

at least one CC, one per molecule, nonsuperimposable mirror images

enantiometic excess (e.e.)

percent of one enanteomer - percent of other enantiomer

diastereomer

only some CC change absolute configuration

diastereomer properties

at least two CC, can have more than one per molecule, no mirror image

conformer

same molecule in a different rotation (all three substituents switch chronological place)

identical

mirror image and all stereochmistry change

ethane conformers

staggered = substituents are offset (windows)

eclipsed = substituents are right behind eachother

butane conformers

1. synperiplanar = zero degrees between largest substituents

2. gauche = largest substituents are 60 degrees apart

3. eclipsed = largest groups are 120 degrees apart

4. antiperiplanar = substituents are 180 degrees apart

5. eclipsed

6. guache

7. synperiplanar

what is ring stability dependent on

ring and torsional strain

ring strain

deviation of action bond angles from hybridized carbon geometry

least to most ring strain

3C, 4C, 5C, 6C

torsional strain

eclipsing of substituents

chair confirmation substituent types

axial = straight up and down

equitorial = out toward middle

what position is the largest substituent most stable in a chair confirmation

equitorial