RT201- MEDICAL TERMSREFERRING TO CERTAIN GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

RT201 3rd Topic= only share with rt1c, kung ma leak mahimog baguito ang nag leak

ANATOMY

Is the study of the structure and form of

an organism; human anatomy deals with the

structure and form of the various parts of the

human body.

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

Study of any part of the body as

seen with the naked eye.

Histology or Microscopic Anatomy

Study of the structural changes

that take place in the fertilized

ovum up to the time of birth.

Surface or Regional or Topographical

Anatomy

Study of what part of the surface

of the body corresponds to the

various organs and structures

within the body.

Comparative Anatomy

Study of the similarities and

differences in structure of the

various body parts of the body,

among different species of living

things.

PHYSIOLOGY

Is the study of the function or behavior

of the organs or other structures of the body.

PATHOLOGY

Is the study of diseases, its causes and its

effect upon the body.

NOMINA ANATOMICA

A list of the names of parts of the body

compiled by the International anatomical

Nomenclature Commitee.

NOMINA ANATOMICA (EPONYMS)

Proper names used as names

for anatomical structures have been

replaced by descriptive names.

NOMINA ANATOMICA (DIPHTHONGS)

Two vowels occurring

together and pronounced as a single

sound have been eliminated.

NOMINA ANATOMICA

Hyphens between vowels occurring

together in the middle of the words and in compound words have been discontinued.

NOMINA ANATOMICA

Alternate names have been retained in

some instances.

Origin of Anatomical Names

GREEK

LATIN

ANGLOSAXON

The Anatomical Position

The subject stands upright, with the

limbs extended, face to the front, palms of the

hands facing the front, and the feet together.

The Median Line of the Body

A line drawn vertically through the

center of the forehead, nose, chin, chest,

abdomen, and between the legs.

Anatomical Planes and Sections

Plane –from planus (L) = flat; a real imaginary

flat surface

.

Plane –from planus (L)

= flat; a real imaginary flat surface

A Longitudinal Plane

– is a flat surface

made by cutting lengthwise or a long the

long axis of the body or a part of it. The

cut could be from side to side or from

front to back, and with the subject

standing upright or lying down, or in any

other position

A Transverse Plane

–is a flat surface

made by cutting through the body or part

of it crossways, or at right angles to

the

long axis.

A Vertical Plane

--is a longitudinal plane

made with the subject upright

A horizontal Plane

–is a transverse plane

made with the subject upright

Midsagittal or Median Plane

Longitudinal Plane made by

cutting from front to back along

the median line of the body, and

along the sagittal suture of the

skull.

Sagittal Plane

Longitudinal plane made by

cutting from front to back to one

or the other side of the sagittal

suture, and parallel to MSP

Coronal Plane

Or frontal plane, longitudinal

plane made by cutting lengthwise

and from side to side

Subcostal Plane

Transverse plane made by

cutting across the upper abdomen

at right angles to the long axis of

the body, and opposite the 10th

costal cartilages, the lowest limit

of the thoracic cage.

Transpyloric Plane

Transverse plane made by cutting across

the body from one side to the other at the level

of the 9th costal cartilages or half way between

the upper end of the sternum and the

symphysis.

The Body Cavities

Ventral Cavity, Dorsal Cavity

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity

Dorsal Cavity

Cranial Cavity, Spinal Canal

Thoracic Cavity

is a space in your chest that contains organs, blood vessels, nerves and other important body structures. It's divided into three main parts: right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity and mediastinum. The five organs in your thoracic cavity are your heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Also called peritoneal cavity, is a large internal space within the human body that encompasses both the abdominal and pelvic regions. It is a central anatomical region housing several vital organs and structures involved in digestion, reproduction, and elimination. It contains the major organs of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems. Some of the organs found in this cavity include the stomach, intestines, bladder, kidneys, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix. There are four quadrants, which are the right upper quadrant, the left upper quadrant, the right lower quadrant, and the left lower quadrant.

Ventral Cavity

is a human body cavity that is in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, but there is no physical barrier between the two.

Dorsal Cavity

The dorsal cavity lies close to the spine in the posterior portion of the body. It contains the spinal column, central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord), and meninges. On the anterior side of the body, the ventral cavity is made up of the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.

Cranial Cavity

is the inside surface of the base of the skull, providing a stable platform for the brain. The cranial cavity, along with the vault of the cranium or calvaria above it, functions as a protective casing for the human brain.

Spinal Canal

The narrow, fluid-filled space in the spinal column (the bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone). The spinal cord runs through the spinal canal.

The Organization of Body Structures

CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS, SYSTEMS

CELLS

The unit of structure and of function of

the body

TISSUES

Group of similar cells

ORGANS

Groups of tissues organized into a unit

and concerned with some specific function

SYSTEMS

Groups of tissues and organs arranged

to perform some function

COMPOSITION OF CELLS

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticula, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Centrosomes, Intracellular fluid

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Consists of complex molecules located

in the chromosomes of the nuclei of body

cells.

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Each contains thousand of compounds

with a nitrogen base, a sugar with 5

carbon atoms, deoxyribose, and a

phosphate.

DNA or Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Responsible for multiple genes, and the

transmission of hereditary traits.

RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid

A compound molecule located in the

nucleoli of cell nuclei, or in the

cytoplasm.

RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid

It contains nitrogen, ribose, a sugar with

5 carbon atoms and a phosphate.

CELLS

Consist of three parts: Cell membrane, Nucleus, and Cytoplasm

The Cell Membrane

Also called plasma membrane

The Cell Membrane

A very thin covering that surrounds each

cell.

The Cell Membrane

It forms a wall to contain the cell

contents but it is permeable to water and

many molecules, allowing them to pass

in or out of the cell

The Nucleus

(Latin) - little nut

Nucleus

Is a centrally-placed rounded part of the

cell that is separated from the remainder

of the cell by nuclear membrane.

Nucleus

Controls cellular activity and contains

chromosomes and a small rounded

granule called nucleolus.

Chromosomes

are long threadlike filaments

contained within the nucleus.

Chromosomes

Contains proteins and DNA

molecules that carry genes.

Nucleolus

Rounded body within the

nucleus. It contains RNA

molecules and proteins.

CYTOPLASM

Is that part of a cell that lies outside of

the nucleus.

Mitochondria

Sausage shaped bodies, the

power plants, with enzymes

producing chemical reactions

that produce energy.

Endoplasmic reticula

Minute canals that build up

proteins. (synthesize proteins)

Golgi bodies

Minute vesicles, small sacs that

concentrate or condense

intracellular materials

Lysosomes

Minute droplets that digest

proteins, etc.

Centrosomes

Small spherical bodies containing two cylinders which

take part in cell division.

Intracellular fluid

The fluid within the cytoplasm

The Cell Body

Consist of the nucleus and

surrounding cytoplasm

Cell Processes

Are projections that extend out

from the cell body in some types

of cells, such as nerve and bone

cells.

Somatic Cells

Term used to include all the cells

of the body except the genetic

(reproductive) cells.

Genetic Cells or Reproductive Cells

Include those cells that produce

an embryo, the ovum, or egg in

the female, and the

spermatozoon, or sperm in the

male.

TISSUE

Epithelial

Nervous

Muscle

Connective

Epithelial Tissue –Epithelium

A thin sheet of tissue composed of cells

cemented together to form a covering or

lining membrane, such as skin, covering

of a lung, or lining of a blood vessel or

the intestine, etc.

Epithelial Tissue –Epithelium

Epithelium contains nerve endings

(receptors) but no blood vessels

Epithelial Tissue –Epithelium

It gives protection, manufactures

secretions, and allows absorption and

excretion.

Shapes of Epithelial Tissue

Pavement epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Polyhedral epithelium

Pavement epithelium

Single layer of flat cobblestone

or tilelike cells

Cuboidal epithelium

A layer of cube-shaped cells

cemented together

Columnar epithelium

A layer of cylindrical cells joined

together.

Polyhedral epithelium

Many-sided cells are cemented

together.

Types of epithelium

Simple epithelium, Stratified epithelium

Simple epithelium

Consist of a single layer of cells

cemented together to form a

continuous sheet.

Stratified epithelium

Consist of several layers of cells

cemented together to form a

membrane.

Simple epithelium

Linings of blood vessels and the

intestine, the covering of the

heart, lungs, etc.

Stratified epithelium

Mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin

Parts of Simple and Stratified

Endothelium, Mesothelium, Mucous membrane

Endothelium

A type of simple epithelium with

a single layer of cells forming the

lining of blood vessels.

Mesothelium

A type of simple single-layered

epithelium that lines the body

cavities, the pleura, pericardium,

and peritoneum.

Mucous membrane

A type of simple or stratified

epithelium that contains goblet

cells and secretes mucus.

Connective Tissues

Are supporting and binding tissues of the

body.

Connective Tissues

Functions to support, connect or bind

other important tissues and to fill in

spaces within and about organs.

Types of Connective Tissues

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

Fibrous Tissue

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

Reticular Tissue

Cartilage or Gristle

Bone or Osseous Tissue

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Consist of semiliquid or jellylike matrix

surrounding well separated cells.

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Network of loosely arranged fibers

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Wavy white bundles of fibers containing

collagen that yield gelatin with boiling,

and yellow elastic fibers that are

stretchable.

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

Modified connective tissue

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

The nucleus of each cell is pushed to one

side by fat that is deposited in the

cytoplasm.

Adipose (Fatty) Tissue

The fat cell resembles a signet ring.

Fibrous Tissue

Type of connective tissue in which the

matrix consists of bundles of collagen

fibers that either lie parallel to each other

or form a crisscross of fibers when in

sheets.

Fibrous Tissue

Form strong cords or sheets of tissue

Fibrous Tissue

Tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

Largely composed of elastic fibers that

are contractile and stretchable

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

Found in structures that must expand and

contract.

Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue

Walls of large blood vessels, lungs,

membranes lining the hollow organs.