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What are the key features of Eukaryotic cells (4)

nucleus, linear DNA (histones), membrane bound organelles, phagocyotisis, ester linked lipid membrane,

Which of these features do archaea, bacteria and Eukarya have

• peptidoglycan

• ether linked membrane lipids

• ribosomes

• photosynthesis (chlorophyll-based)

• meiosis

archaea: ester linked, ribosomes

bacteria: peptidoglycan, ribosomes, photosynthesis,

euakrya: meiosis, photosynthesis, ribosome

what is two domains of life?

evidence that says bacteria and archaea are the two domains of life and that archaea is part of eukaryotes. some archaea are closely related to eukaryotes

what are lokiarchaeota?

the species of archaea that is most closely related to eukaryotes according to the two domain tree

What are the closest relatives of eukaryotes

asgard archaea

what are microbial eukaryotes

paraphyletic group that is called protists

phagocytosis

eukaryotic cells are able to ingest macroparticles using their cytoskeleton (actin filaments)

what was a good sign for the sister relationship between asgard archae and eukaryotes?

when asgard archaea has actin filaments but does not do phagocytosis

What makes DNA of eukaryotic cell special

DNA is closely and densely backed and wrapped around histones (there is also some histones in archaea)

what makes post transcriptional processing different

1. eukaryotes have introns and exons

2. eukaryotes transcription and translation occur at different time and space (decoupled)

3. in prokaryotes transcription and translation occur at same time and place (coupled)

What are the two things that an eukaryotic is a product of?

They are a product of symbiosis between asgard archaea and alpha-proteobacterium due to oxygenation of earth’s atmosphere (asgard was the host cell)

what is the outside in method (origin of nucleus)

cell membrane of eukaryotes is homologous to cell membrane of archeon and nucleus is formed by folding

what is the inside out method of the origin of nucleus

the nuclear membrane of eukaryotes is homologous to cellmembrane of archaeon and cytoskeleton and membrane formed by entanglement

which method of nucleus formation from lab cultures of asgard archaea support?

the inside out hypothesis

what was the endosymbiotic theory

eukaryotic cells evolved through symbiosis where one prokaryotic organism was engulfed (not digested) leading to mutually beneficial relationship

what was the thought of be treason why endosymbiosis occurred?

evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis

Explain the mitochondrion primary endosymbiosis

The asgard archaea engulfs a alpha proteobacterium with surrounding it with phagosome but the lost of peptidoglycan is then lost creating the mitochondria

How do we test which group of organisms the mitochondrial genome is most closely related to?

1. sequence mitochondrial DNA from representative eukaryotes

2. add to data matric that includes genomic DNA from potential ancestors of mitochondria

3. build a phylogeny

what is the primary endosymbiosis of the chloroplast (host and endsymbiont)

host: eukaryote

endosymbiont: cyanobacterium

secondary endosymbiosis

host: heterotrophic eukaryote

endosymbiont: green or red algae

tertiary endosymbiosis

host: heterotrophic eukaryote

endosymbiont: photosynthetic eukaryote (that got its plastid from secondary)

in what group did tertiary endosymbiosis occur

dinoflagellates

what is amoeboid movement

when cells send extensions of cytoplasm outward and changes it shape to move or engulf food

flagellate movement

uses its flagellum (tail like thing) to push against surrounding fluid

what is ciliate movement

has cilium that is like flagellum but isn’t as long. they beat in a coordinated movement also pushing against the fluids

what are apicomplexans

obligate intracellular parasites of animals that use apical complex to enter host cell

what is apical complex

a specialized, asymmetric cluster of secretory organelles and cytoskeletal structures located at the anterior end of Apicomplexa parasite

what was the most common apicomplexan responsible for malaria

plasmodium falciparum

what signicance does plasmodial slim modes have

they are coenocytic (unicellular) and feed by scavenging and have an unusual life style

what is the amoebozoans

includes most amoebae and feed by phagocytosis and may be predators, scavengers of parasites

what is the significance of cellular slime modes

individual motile cells that aggregate into multicellular fruiting body

what is plantae

when organisms characterized by having a plastid (chloroplast) that arose by primary endosymbiosis ( red algae, green algae, glaucophytes, land plants)

what s the taiga

it forms most of the biomass in the northern hemisphere and represents a large mass of stored carbon

what is the importance of plants?

medicine (aspirin), biodiversity, agriculture (11%), biotechnology, politics, true crime, art music and film

what is the basic structure of plant cell

the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmodesmata (cell to cell junctions)

what are secondary cell walls

has lignin which is tough and rigid , located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane, not all plant cells have it

what are two bodies that plant body is divided into

root system (below ground), shoot system (above ground)

what is SAM or RAM

where all cells in plant body originate from division in the apical meristems causing indeterminate growth

where would the youngest and least differentiated cells be found in the shoot system

closer to the meristem because the mature cells are now drawn down the plant

what are the three differentiated tissues

dermal, tissue, and ground

what are dermal tissues

form the epidermis and secret waxy compounds that protect the plant from desiccation. guard cells, trichomes and root hairs

what is vascular tissues (xykem and phloem)

they transport water, minerals, and sugars

what is ground tissues

they fill in the inner space of plant and perform metabolic, support and storage functions

what do root hairs do

every single droplet of water goes through root hair to get into the plant

what are trichomes

they function in defense, reflection, and digestion releases a cocktail that acts like a hyperemic needle that causes irritation to the skin

what is the xylem

it transport water in one direction (up), it is all dead in nature

phloem

transport sugar and always alive, consists of sieve tubes and companion cells that keeps it alive

what are the three types of ground tissues

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclernchyma

what does parenchyma do

photosynthesis, storage, metabolism , living, and thin walled

what does collenchyma do

flexible support, no lignin, flexible support

what does sclerenchyma do

dead at maturity, lignin, stiff support (secondary cell walls)

what are the three main parts of leaves

blade, midrib, and petole

what is the blade of leaves

the surface in between the veins

what is the petiole of leave

it helps atttach to the stem

what is the midrib of the leave

they’re the primary veins of vascular tissue

what does the cuticle of plant do

it prevents water loss

what is a stem node

the meristematic tissue (axillary buds) from which leaves or other organs growin

what are internodes

sections between nodes

do leaves have determinate growth. Why or why not

leaves have determinate growth because they lack meristematic cells

what does the root cap do

it protects the ram as it grows through the soil

what is the synapomorphy of plantae linages

presence of chloroplast resulting from primary endosymbiosis which is mostly aquatic plants

what are the advantages of the transition from water to land

more sunlight, increased availability of CO2

what are the disadvantages

desiccation, support, reproduction

what is the significance of the glaucophytes algae

they are the only lineage that retains peptidoglycan in and they are freshwater unicellular algae, they use same photosynthetic pigments as cyanobacteria

signficance of red algae

diverse, mostly marine, multicellular, and use phycobilin’s (phycoerythrin) for photosynthesis

significance of green plants

use chlorophyll b, carotenoids and store energy as starch inside their chloroplasts

how are land plants (embrophytes)

distinguished from algae by having adaptations to their life cycles for life on land , protected embryos, have sporophytes, and airborne spores

what is the diplontic life cycles

multicellular diploid adult stage, cycle of the animals

haplontic life cycle

lacks multicellular diploid (2n) stage, many algae

what is the life cycle of land plants

sporic life cycle and it’s the alternation of generation

what plants are in the paraphyletic bryophytes

non vascular land plants: liverworts, moss, and hornworts

significance of bryophytes

small, life in moist environments, lack xylem and phloem , no leaves and roots

what are rhizoids and what groups have it

bryophytes have it and they’re extensions of gametophytes used for water absorption and anchoring

what is ectohydric

when they can absorb water across their whole surface, bryophytes do it

what is endophytic:

when they have evolved tissues for conducting water (hydroids) and sugar (leptoids), not homologous

what are the two parts of bryophyte

the sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte

what does gametophyte do

they look very grassy, haploid, and does photosynthesis, produces gametes

what is the archegonia

strucutres that produce eggs

what is antheridia

structures that produce sperm

what does sporophytes do

it produces airborne spores that are resistant to desiccation

what does sporopollenin do

it coats the outside of spores to reduce water loss

which of the land plants have the smallest sporophytes

liverworts

what is the cap of the sporophyte called

sporangium

what kind of sporophyte of mosses have

taller elongate and stalked sporophyte

what kind of sporophyte does hornworts have

persistently green sporophyte with indeterminate growth

what are the synapomorphies of vascular plants

branching, independent sporophyte, roots, and tracheid

what are the advantages of sporophyte dominance that vascular plants do (4)

increased size, enhanced dispersal, greater production of spores, and more complex growth

what is tracheid

first type of xylem tissue that evolved and transport water, connected through lateral spores and smashed xylem

what are vessel elements

evolved in angiosperms and some gnetophytes, larger and connected end to end

what is the relationship between sieve tube and companion cells

develop through same mother cell and are highly connected by plasmodesmata.

• the sieve tube does not have nucleus to save space for sugar transport so the companion cells have all of the needed organelles to keep the sieve tubes alive

how to differentiate lycophytes from others

when the have true small leaves from single bundle of vascular tissue, not homologous to megaphylls.

what are sporangia

spore producing structures, linear cluster of sporangia called strobilus (cone)

what is sporangia

they contain spores which develop into gametophytes via mitosis

heterospory

modification of plant life cycle where there are two sizes of spores, each size develops into a gametophyte

what is heterosporous life cycle

when there are two types of spores and each develop into a specialized gametophyte

what is included in the monilophytes

horsetails and ferns and whisk ferns

horsetails or equisetum

characterized by hollow stem with a whorl of reduced leaves, have strobili at their tips, photosynthesis is done at the stem

ferns

largest group of seedless vascular plants

what are whisk ferns

genus of monophyte with reduced roots, dichotomous branching, sporangia at nodes and microphylls

what are euphyllophytes

true leaf plants with chloroplast inversion as synapomorphies