Anatomy Test 3 Ch. 20

Target Cell

cells with specific hormone receptors

3 functions of Hypothalamus

1. master control center of endocrine system

2. produces 2 hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary (antidiuretic & oxytocin)

3. controls ANS- regulates hormones

Regulatory Hormones

regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Releasing Hormones (RH)

stimulate the production & secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

Inhibiting Hormones (IH)

deter the production & secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- increases secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- increases secretion of growth hormone (GH)

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- increases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- increase secretion of prolactin (PRL)

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) or Somatostatin

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- decreases secretion of growth hormone (GH)

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) or Dopamine

Releasing Gland- hypothalamus
Target- anterior pituitary gland
Effects- decreases secretion of prolactin (PRL)

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

composed of 2 different capillary beds

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

bundles of neurons

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Releasing Gland- anterior pituitary
Target- thyroid gland
Effects- stimulates release of thyroid hormone

Prolactin (PRL)

Releasing Gland- anterior pituitary
Female Target- mammary gland
Male Target- testes
Female Effects- stimulates milk production following birth
Male Effects- increased sensitivity to LH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Releasing Gland- anterior pituitary
Target- adrenal cortex (adrenal gland)
Effects- stimulates release of corticosteroid hormones

Growth Hormone (GH)

Releasing Gland- anterior pituitary
Target- most body cells
Effects- stimulates increased cellular growth & metabolism, cell division in most body cells (bones, muscles, adipose)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Releasing Gland- anterior pituitary
Female Target- ovaries
Male Target- testes
Female Effects- stimulates growth of ovarian follicles
Male Effects- stimulates sperm production

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Releasing Gland- anterior pituitary
Female Target- ovaries
Male Target- testes
Female Effects- stimulates ovulation, estrogen, & progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum
Male Effects- stimulates testosterone secretion

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

Produced in & Stored in- hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
Target- kidneys, smooth muscle
Effects- increases water retention by kidneys → more concentrated urine, causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels, this in turn increases BP

causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels, this in turn increases BP

Oxytocin (OT)

Produced in & Stored in- hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
Female Target- uterus & mammary gland
Male Target- male reproductive tract
Female Effects- stimulates labor contractions, milk ejection, & mother-infant bonding- If OT is lacking - some female mammals tend to neglect infants
Male Effects- involved in ejaculation, sperm transport

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Releasing Gland- parathyroid gland
Target- bones, small intestine, kidneys
Effects- increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and inhibiting deposition, causes small intestine to absorb calcium, decreases calcium loss through kidneys

Adrenal Cortex

thick outer layer of adrenal gland

Adrenal Medulla

inner core of adrenal gland

Aldosterone

Releasing Gland- adrenal cortex
Target- kidneys
Effects- promotes sodium retention and therefore water retention, potassium secretion

Cortisol & Corticosterone

Releasing Gland- adrenal cortex
Target- liver
Effects- stimulate metabolism of lipids and proteins, increase glucose in blood, in attempt to resist stress and repair tissue damage

Androgens

Releasing Gland- adrenal cortex
Target- sex organs
Effects- protein synthesis (converted to estrogen in females)

Epinephrin & Norepinephrine

Releasing Gland- adrenal medulla
Target- various cells throughout body
Effects- promotes alertness, raise metabolic rates, stimulates circulation and respiration (fight-or-flight)

Glucagon

Releasing Gland- pancreas
Target- liver, adipose cells
Effects- stimulates breakdown of glycogen and lipids to increase blood glucose levels

Insulin

Releasing Gland- pancreas
Target- liver, body cells
Effects- stimulates glucose transport into target cells, promotes glycogen and lipid formation to decrease blood glucose levels

Glugagon

secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose decreases

Insulin

secreted by beta cells when blood glucose is elevated

Melatonin

Releasing Gland- pineal gland
Target- brain
Effects- establish circadian rhythms, make drowsy, influence mood and sexual maturation

Thymopoietin and Thymosin

Releasing Gland- thymus
Target- lymphatic system (T-cells)
Effects- stimulates T-lymphocyte (T-cell) development and activity

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Releasing Gland- kidneys
Target- red bone marrow
Effects- stimulates production of erythrocytes when O2 levels in the blood are low, increasing blood’s ability to transport O2

Calcitriol

Releasing Gland- kidneys
Target- small intestine
Effects- stimulates small intestine to absorb calcium, increasing calcium levels in body fluids

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Releasing Gland- heart
Target- kidneys
Effects- reduces blood volume by causing water loss and sodium excretion from the blood into urine, less blood volume lowers blood pressure

Gonads

female & male primary sex organs

Estrogen

Releasing Gland- ovaries
Target- uterus, ovaries, breasts, brain
Effects- stimulates female reproductive development and adolescent growth, follicle maturation, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, stimulates growth of mammary glands

Progesterone

Releasing Gland- ovaries
Target- uterus, ovaries, breasts
Effects- regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, stimulates growth of uterine lining and mammary glands

Testosterone

Releasing Gland- testes
Target- male reproductive tract
Effects- stimulates male reproductive development and adolescent growth, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production, and libido