Nutrition Exam

What are the six main categories of nutrients?

Macronutrients (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats), Micronutrients (Vitamins, Minerals), Water

How can nutrients be grouped?

By function (Energy-providing vs. non-energy-providing) or by necessity (Essential vs. non-essential)

What are the main roles of carbohydrates?

Primary energy source

What are the main roles of proteins?

Tissue repair, enzyme production

What are the main roles of fats?

Long-term energy storage, cell membrane structure

What is the difference between 'Certified Organic' and 'Organic Nutrients'?

Certified Organic is USDA-regulated, Organic Nutrients occur naturally in food

Define phytochemicals.

Bioactive compounds in plants (e.g., flavonoids)

Define zoonutrients.

Bioactive compounds from animals (e.g., omega-3s)

Define functional foods.

Provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition

Define organic foods.

Grown without synthetic additives

What is the name for chemical energy from food?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

What is a calorie?

The energy needed to raise 1g of water by 1°C

How many kcal per gram do carbohydrates provide?

4 kcal/g

How many kcal per gram do proteins provide?

4 kcal/g

How many kcal per gram do fats provide?

9 kcal/g

How many kcal per gram does alcohol provide?

7 kcal/g

What are the AMDRs for carbohydrates?

45-65% of daily intake

What are the AMDRs for proteins?

10-35% of daily intake

What are the AMDRs for fats?

20-35% of daily intake

What is malnutrition?

A condition resulting from insufficient or excessive intake of nutrients.

What are the types of malnutrition?

Primary: Due to insufficient/excessive intake; Secondary: Due to absorption/metabolism issues.

What does the anthropometric method of nutritional assessment measure?

Body measurements (BMI, weight, height)

What does the biochemical method of nutritional assessment analyze?

Blood/urine tests.

What does the clinical method of nutritional assessment involve?

Physical examination.

What does the dietary method of nutritional assessment analyze?

Food intake analysis.

What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

Standards for nutrient intake.

What does EAR stand for?

Estimated Average Requirement.

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance.

What does AI stand for?

Adequate Intake.

What does UL stand for?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

What does the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend increasing?

Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats.

What does the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend decreasing?

Added sugars, saturated fats, sodium.

Who oversees food labeling?

FDA (Food and Drug Administration).

What must be included on food labels?

Serving size, calories, macronutrient breakdown, ingredient list, %DV.

What is %DV?

Percentage of daily value based on a 2,000 kcal diet.

What are the major parts of the GI tract?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine.

What are the major accessory organs of the digestive system?

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

What are major digestive secretions?

Saliva (enzymes), Hydrochloric acid (stomach), Bile (fat digestion).

What is the role of peristalsis in digestion?

Moves food through the digestive tract.

What is the first section of the small intestine?

Duodenum.

How do carbohydrates and proteins get absorbed?

Into the bloodstream via the hepatic portal vein.

How do fats get absorbed?

Into the lymphatic system.

Why are gut bacteria important?

Aid digestion, produce vitamins, support immunity.