Alkanes, Alkenes, and Conjugated Dienes - Unit-II

This set of flashcards covers essential concepts in organic chemistry focused on alkanes, alkenes, and conjugated dienes.

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons consisting of carbon and hydrogen with only single bonds, saturated hydrocarbons with general formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, unsaturated with general formula $C_nH_{2n}$.

SP³ Hybridization

A type of hybridization where one s orbital mixes with three p orbitals, forming four equivalent hybrid orbitals oriented tetrahedrally.

Diels-Alder Reaction

A [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered ring.

Markovnikov's Rule

In the addition of HX to an asymmetric alkene, the hydrogen atom of HX adds to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents.

Anti-Markovnikov's Rule

In a free radical addition reaction, the hydrogen adds to the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents.

Electrophilic Addition

A reaction mechanism involving the addition of an electrophile to a compound with a double bond, resulting in the formation of a carbocation intermediate.

Free Radical

An atom or molecule that has unpaired electrons and is highly reactive.

Conjugated Dienes

Dienes in which the double bonds are separated by one single bond, allowing for resonance stabilization.

Rearrangement of Carbocations

The process of a carbocation shifting to a more stable structure via hydride or alkyl shifts.

Ozonolysis

A reaction involving the cleavage of double bonds using ozone, followed by reduction to yield aldehydes or ketones.

Hydrocarbon

A compound composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

Cyclic Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more rings in their structure.

Isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas or arrangements.

Saturation

The state of a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Polymerization

A chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer, typically resulting in long-chain molecules.

Thermal Decomposition

A process where alkanes are broken down into smaller alkenes and other products through heat.

Combustion

A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, producing energy, often in the form of heat and light.