Psychopharmacology: Exam 3 Review

Section 1: Intro to Caffeine

What is the worldwide significance of caffeine? How many tons are consumed annually?

Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive substance in the world!

• Globally, more than 120,000 tons of caffeine consumed ANNUALLY

In the U.S. alone, about how much caffeine do Americans consume daily?

About 165 mg per day

Where were cocoa beans first cultivated?

• First harvested in Arabia (12th and 15th centuries)

On which continent were coffee houses prevalent? What was its significance to the history of coffee?

Coffee houses were popular in Europe (in 17th century)

Transformed individual caffeine use from isolated ‘rituals’ to social incentive

What percentage of the U.S. population consumes coffee? What percentage of adults?

85% of the whole population (over 90% of adults)

In terms of coffee consumption, which THREE countries consume the most?

Finland, Norway, and Iceland

Subsection 2: Intro to Tea

How long ago was tea first discovered? In which country?

Discovered almost 5,000 years ago in China

What role did the Dutch play in the distribution of tea?

Through the Dutch East India Company, the Dutch shipped tea from China to Europe

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*Americans were later taxed for tea imports, which were required to be exclusively from Britain (Boston Tea Party)

Subsection 3: Intro to Chocolate

Which three main ethnic groups were the first to cultivate cocoa?

In the Americas: the Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs grew the first cocoa tree

*A thick, bitter drink was then made from cocoa beans!

What role did Spanish travelers play in the distribution of cacao?

*Spanish explorers brought cacao to Spain from the Americas

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**Vanilla and sugar were added to ‘cocoa liquid” → more popularity

Which European ethnic group developed a process for making cocoa butter?

The Dutch (in the 19th century)

Subsection 4: Soft drinks

When did soft drinks first become popular? Which profession invented many of our modern-day soda brands?

*First popularized in the 19th century

**Many soft drink brands (Dr. Pepper, Coke, etc.) were invented by pharmacists

Worldwide, how much caffeine, on average, is consumed per person (each day)?

About 75 mg per person, every day

About how many children and teenagers consume caffeine every day?

About 71%

What percentage of 2-5 year-olds consume caffeine (soft drinks) every day?

58% of 2-5 year-olds (soft drinks)

What are xanthines? What are some examples?

A group of naturally-occurring organic compounds

Examples: caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine