REVIEW MICROBIOLOGY from FIRST AID USMLE

What substance does Bacillus anthracis capsule contain?

D-glutamate

Which bacteria lacks a cell wall?

Mycoplasma

What is Loeffler’s media used for?

Culturing Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Name some obligate aerobes.

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus

Which organism poses a risk to asplenic individuals?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis

What bacteria secretes IgA protease?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Neisseria

What is the mode of action of endotoxins?

Induces TNF and IL-1 production

What causes rice water diarrhea?

Vibrio cholerae

What causes whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

Which toxin is produced by Clostridium perfringens?

Alpha toxin (lecithinase)

What is the causative agent of toxic shock syndrome?

Staphylococcus aureus

In which bacterial growth phase are spores formed?

Stationary phase

What is the term for bacteria without plasmids?

F-

Which organism is catalase positive and coagulase sensitive?

Staphylococcus aureus

What causes otitis media in children?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What causes meningitis in babies?

Streptococcus agalactiae

What is rusty sputum associated with?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What component of normal flora is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

Skin flora

Which normal flora causes dental caries?

Streptococcus mutans

Bull neck is seen in which infection, and what is the causative agent?

Diphtheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Which toxins of Clostridium botulinum lead to floppy baby syndrome?

Botulinum toxins

Sulfur granules in sinus tracts are associated with which organism?

Actinomyces israelii

What is the prophylactic treatment for Mycobacterium avium intracellulare?

Azithromycin

What is another name for Hansen’s disease?

Leprosy

Which drug is used for prophylaxis in Haemophilus influenzae?

Rifampin

How is Legionella pneumonia clinically detected?

Presence of antigen in urine

Blue-green pigment is produced by the toxins of which bacterium?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What is the most common serotype causing hemolytic uremic syndrome?

O157:H7

What causes red currant jelly sputum?

Klebsiella

What causes mesenteric adenitis?

Yersinia enterocolitica

What are the bacteria with a question mark-shaped appearance?

Leptospira interrogans

Abdominal rose spots, fever, and headache are features of which condition?

Salmonella typhi infection (Typhoid fever)

What is the bulls-eye rash associated with?

Lyme disease

Saddle nose and Hutchinson teeth are features of which disease?

Congenital syphilis

What is the causative agent of Q fever?

Coxiella burnetii

Clue cells and a fishy-smelling discharge are associated with which infection?

Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)

What assay is used in the diagnosis of rickettsial infections?

Latex agglutination

Palm and sole rash is seen in infections caused by which viruses?

Coxsackievirus A, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and syphilis

What causes Reiter’s syndrome?

Chlamydia trachomatis

Which bacterium is the only one having cholesterol?

Mycoplasma pneumonia

What is the term for budding yeast with a captain wheel formation?

Paracoccidioidomycosis

What causes a spaghetti and meatball appearance in a KOH prep?

Tinea versicolor

Which fungus has septate hyphae branching at acute angles?

Aspergillus fumigatus

Which fungal disease is most commonly seen in DKA and leukemic patients?

Mucor and Rhizopus

What is Rose Gardener disease associated with?

Sporothrix schenckii

Severe diarrhea in AIDS is often caused by which parasite?

Cryptosporidium

What is the classic triad associated with Toxoplasma gondii?

Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcification

How does Naegleria fowleri enter the brain?

Cribriform plate

Which disease is caused by the kissing bug?

Chagas disease

What is the treatment for Leishmania donovani?

Sodium stibogluconate

In Plasmodium malaria, what is the duration of the cycle in hours?

72 hours

What is the Scotch tape test used for?

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Which organism, carried by female Anopheles, causes blockage of lymphatic vessels?

Wuchereria bancrofti

What causes a Swiss cheese appearance in the brain?

Neurocysticercosis - Taenia solium

River blindness is caused by which parasite?

Onchocerca volvulus

What disease of the bladder is caused by Schistosoma hematobium?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Which agent causes pipestem cirrhosis?

Schistosoma mansoni

What do surgeons inject to kill daughter cells of a hydatid cyst?

Ethanol

Which organism is found in macrophages containing amastigotes?

Leishmania donovani

Cholangiocarcinoma is associated with which organism?

Clonorchis sinensis

What drugs are used against Staphylococcus aureus?

Methicillin, Nafcillin

Name a beta-lactamase inhibitor.

Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

What causes red man syndrome?

Vancomycin

What is the drug of choice for meningitis and gonorrhea?

Ceftriaxone

Imipenem is always administered with what?

Cilastatin

What is the main side effect of aminoglycosides?

Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Teratogenicity

Tetracycline must not be taken with what?

Milk, antacids, and iron-containing preparations

What is the drug of choice for atypical pneumonia?

Macrolides

Gray baby syndrome is a side effect of which drug?

Chloramphenicol

Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial what?

Dihydrofolate reductase

What is the only agent used as solo prophylaxis against TB?

Isoniazid

Hyperuricemia is a side effect of which anti-TB drug?

Pyrazinamide

What is the prophylaxis for recurrent UTI?

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Which anti-TB drug induces the P-450 system?

Rifampin

Soap bubble lesions in the brain are seen in which infection?

Cryptococcus neoformans

Oral thrush in an immunocompromised patient is caused by?

Candida albicans

Flask-shaped ulcer on histology is seen in infection by which organism?

Entamoeba histolytica

African sleeping sickness is transmitted by?

Tsetse fly

What does the chlamydial cell wall lack?

Muramic acid

Condylomata lata is seen in which syphilis stage?

Secondary

What causes Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

What is a common antecedent of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

Campylobacter jejuni

Tumbling motility is characteristic of which bacterium?

Listeria monocytogenes

What temperature and duration must be used to autoclave and kill spores by steaming?

121°C for 15 minutes

Which bacteria exhibit a club shape?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

What does tetanospasmin prevent the release of?

Inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord

Which protein is involved in opsonization and phagocytosis?

Protein A

Lowenstein-Jensen agar medium is used for what organism?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Silver stain is used for which microorganisms?

Legionella and fungi

What is the treatment for Chagas disease?

Nifurtimox

What is the term for the exchange of genes between two chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology?

Recombination

Except for parvovirus, are all DNA viruses double-stranded or single-stranded?

Double-stranded

Except for retrovirus, are all viruses haploid or diploid?

Haploid

What causes slapped cheeks syndrome?

Parvovirus B19

Owls eyes inclusions are seen in infections with which virus?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Atypical lymphocytes are seen in infections with which virus?

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

What is the number one cause of fatal diarrhea in children?

Rotavirus

In picornaviruses, which are not retroviruses?

Rhinoviruses

What transmits the yellow fever virus?

Aedes mosquito

What is the largest DNA virus?

Poxvirus