Normal Gait Quiz

Initial Contact

when foot hits the floor

Loading Response

first double limb support, ends when other foot leaves floor

Midstance

begins when other foot leaves floor, ends with body directly over support limb

Terminal Stance

begins with heel up, ends when other limb contacts the floor with second double limb support

Preswing

begins second double limb stance, ends as toes leave the floor

Initial swing

begins at toe off and ends when the swinging foot is opposite the stance foot

Midswing

begins when the swinging foot is opposite the stance foot, ends with vertical tibia position

Terminal swing

begins at vertical tibia position, ends right before initial contact

ROM requirements for initial contact

25 degrees hip FLEX

ankle DF to neutral

0 knee EXT

Hip muscles in use during initial contact

semimembranosis, long head of biceps, and semitendinosis as hip extensors

knee muscles in use during initial contact

quadriceps for extension

ankle muscles in use during initial contact

anterior tibialis and long toe extensors to position the foot

key event during initial contact

heel first

ROM requirements at each joint in loading response

Hip FLEX: 25

Knee FLEX: 15

Ankle PF: 10

Hip muscles in use during loading response

Gluteus maximus

hamstrings

adductor magnus

TFL

Gluteus medius and minimus

Key event during loading response

stability and control of all 3 major joints

ROM requirements at each joint during midstance

Hip: 0

Knee: 0

Ankle DF: 5

Hip muscles in use during midstance

Hip ABD to stabilize pelvis

Knee muscles in use during midstance

Quadriceps until knee is fully extended, then there is no muscle activity

Ankle muscles in use during midstance

soleus begins, then once knee extended, gastrocs: ankle rocker eccentric control

Key event during midstance

Forward progression with stability (controlled tibial advancement)

ROM requirements at each joint during terminal stance

Hip EXT: 20

Knee EXT: 0

Ankle DF: 10

Hip muscles in use during terminal stance

Hip abductors to stabilize pelvis

Iliacus for hip joint capsule protection

Anterior fibers of TFL at late Terminal stance

Knee muscles in use during terminal stance

none

Ankle muscles in use during terminal stance

soleus and gastrocs continue to fire to prevent forward collapse of tibia

Key event during terminal stance

ankle stays locked in DF so that the heel can rise and the limb is trailing

ROM requirements at each joint during Pre-Swing

Hip: 0

Knee FLEX: 40

Ankle PF: 15-20

MTP EXT: 60

Hip muscles in use during pre-swing

none

Knee muscles in use during pre-swing

none

Ankle muscles in use during pre-swing

gastroc/soleus for push-off

flexor hallicus longus, tibialis posterior, extensor digitorum

Key event during pre-swing

Knee needs to flex to required range

ROM Requirements at each joint during initial swing

Hip FLEX: 15

Knee FLEX: 60

Ankle PF: 10

Hip muscles in use during initial swing

iliacus, sartorius, gracilis

Knee muscles in use during initial swing

short head of biceps, sartorius, gracilis

Ankle muscles in use during initial swing

pretibial muscles

Key event during initial swing

Hip FLEX and knee FLEX to required range

ROM requirements at each joint during mid-swing

Hip FLEX: 25

Knee FLEX: 25

Ankle: 0

Hip muscles in use during mid-swing

gracilis, adductor longus

Knee muscles in use during mid-swing

none

ankle muscles in use during mid-swing

pretibial muscles

Key event during mid-swing

Hip FLEX and active pretibial muscles to get ankle to neutral to clear floor

ROM requirements at each joint during terminal swing

Hip FLEX: 25 with 5 deg pelvic rotation

Knee EXT: 0

Ankle: 0

Hip muscles in use during terminal swing

gracilis, then hamstrings to decelerate the limb

knee muscles in use during terminal swing

quadriceps, then hamstrings to decelerate

ankle muscles in use during terminal swing

pretibial muscles

Key event during terminal swing

knee EXT to neutral to prepare for initial contact

Trunk control during initial contact and loading response

erect trunk, contralateral deep trunk extensors contract eccentrically to keep trunk erect in all planes

Trunk control during single limb support

erect trunk, ipsilateral trunk muscles contract in terminal stance to control the weight shift

Trunk control during swing

trunk erect, no new muscle activity: stability is key to keeping trunk erect