psychological therapies

phases of CBT

1. Assessment

2. Psychoeducation/ Case Formulation

3. Goal setting
   .

4. Active intervention/ Cognitive restructuring

5. Behavioural strategies

6. Skill building

   .

7. Maintenance and Relapse prevention

8. Termination

Problem cycle

A concept in CBT where negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors reinforce each other in a continuous loop.

CBT by Aron Beck

1. A time-sensitive,

2. structured,

3. present-oriented psychotherapy

4. Aim to solve current problems (symptoms)

and teaching clients skills to modify dysfunctional thinking and behavior

10-15

What is the usual number of sessions for CBT

1. Rapport and Assessment

2. Case formulation

3. Psychoeducation and goal setting

What constitute initial phase of CBT

1. symptom monitoring

2. Behavioural techniques

3. Cognitive techniques

What constitute middle phase of CBT

Thought monitoring

What is symptom monitoring in CBT, by the client

1. Behavioural activation- engagement in pleasurable and goal-directed activities

2. Pleasure mastery rating

3. Behavioural experiment -Testing out new behaviors and beliefs in real-life situations

what are major behaviour techniques in CBT

Pie chart technique

The technique of CBT, weighing the thoughts in percentage to help with cognitive rest

CBT

Evidence based therapy for managing schizophrenia

Arbitrary inference

a cognitive distortion or thinking error where a conclusion is drawn without sufficient evidence or logical reasoning, discussed in CBT

Operant conditioning

Functional analysis (to understand cause and consequence of behaviour) in CBT and ABA is based on Principles of ?

Beck’s Cognitive Triad

Which model says individuals' negative interpretations of themselves, their environment, and the future can lead to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and despair.

Self
Environment
Future

3 elements talked in Beck’s cognitive triad

1. Standard CBT

2. REBT

3. MBCT

4. DBT

5. Trauma Focused CBT

6. ACT

7. Stress inoculation therapy(SIT)

8. Exposure therapies

what are different types of CBT (8)

Albert Elli’s REBT/ Rational emotive behaviour therapy

An action-oriented approach that’s focused on helping people deal with irrational beliefs and learn how to manage their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a healthier, more realistic way.

1. Survive

2. Free from pain

3. satisfied

3 fundamental goals according to REBT

REBT

Which therapy sees humans’ basic goals as preferences or desires rather than needs or necessities.

REBT

Which therapy give a stress to idea of hedonism?

to pursue pleasure and avoid pain in a way that considers both immediate and future consequences.

attain balance between long term and short term hedonism

Goal of REBT in terms of hedonism?

1. Primary demanding beliefs

2. Derivatives of primary demanding beliefs

3. Secondary demanding beliefs

4. Derivatives of secondary demanding beliefs

Irrational belief system often operates on at least four levels: which are they in REBT

1. Activating Event,

2. Beliefs,

3. Consequences that happened from belief

4. Disputing the irrational belief

5. Effective new belief

ABCDE a framework of REBT, where the techniques are , ———

Primary Demanding beliefs

people’s core irrational beliefs that involve rigid demands about oneself, others, or the world.

usually expressed as musts, should, ought-tos, have-tos and got-tos in REBT?

Examples:

• "I must perform well and be approved of by others."

• "Others must treat me fairly and kindly."

• "The world must be comfortable and not frustrating

Primary demanding beliefs

The irrational belief system in REBT involves people’s main demands and commands in relation to adversities

1. Self demand: Must win everywhere

2. Other demand: Others should treat me well

3. World/life demand: I should get everything easily

3 major clusters of primary demanding beliefs (musturbatory beliefs) in REBT understanding?

Derivatives of primary demanding beliefs

The consequence beliefs happened from primary demanding beliefs in REBT are called?

Secondary demanding beliefs

Once people make themselves miserable, they tend to exacerbate their misery by making themselves miserable about being miserable.

Frequently people make themselves anxious about being anxious, depressed about being depressed, guilty about feeling guilty and so on.  are called —— in REBT

1. Ego disturbances

2. Low frustration tolerance

2 headings proposed by Ellis (REBT) to categorise neurotic problems

Ego disturbances

REBT calls the emotional upsets/ psychological disturbance arising from the rigid, illogial,unrealistic demands of individuals on themselves, others, or the world as?

.

Eg:

• ‘I must do well and win approval for all my performances’- to evaluate their self-worth based on external criteria or achievements

.
leads to people thinking that they are inadequate and undeserving persons when they do not do

1. Socratic questioning

2. Rational coping statements

3. Discussion

What are major cognitive techniques in REBT

1. Rational emotive imagery

2. Role playing

3. Reverse role playing

4. Unconditional acceptance by therapist

5. Teaching unconditional self-acceptance

6. Humour

What are major emotive interventions in REBT (6)

1. Shame attacking exercises

2. Risk taking tasks

3. behavioural homework

4. Paradoxical assignments

   .

5. In-vivo desensitization/ Desensitisation

6. Reinforcements

7. Penalty/ Response cost/ contingency management

8. Skills training

What are behavioural interventions in REBT of Ellis? (8)

:Encourage new behavior patterns to reinforce rational beliefs

Shame attack

a sudden and intense experience of shame or self-disparagement.

It's a term used to describe moments when individuals feel overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, self-blame, or worthlessness., a method in REBT

Method of simulating the shame fearing situations in therapy setitng and outside

Awfulizing

An irrational and dramatic thought pattern, characterized by the tendency to overestimate the potential seriousness or negative consequences of events, situations, or perceived threats. in REBT is termed as

REBT

Imaginal disputation: using clients ability to imagine, to challenge and change irrational thoughts and beliefs is a method used in?

Musturbation

the process of obsessively engaging with creating and maintaining rigid, unrealistic demands or expectations about oneself, others, or the world

Discussed in REBT

DBT/ Dialectical behavioural therapy

The therapy that holds bringing together two opposites in therapy- acceptance and change- brings better result than either one

DBT by Dr. Marsha M linehan

A form of CBT, based on biosocial theory aims to reduce problem behaviour and build a life worth living by synthesising from possible opposite perspectives

Biosocial theory

DBT is based on what theory

1. Objective effectiveness

2. Self respect effectiveness

3. relationship effectiveness

What are the goals of Interpersonal effectiveness skill, designed to help individuals manage their interactions with others effectively, in DBT ?

1. DEARMAN - Getting needs met

2. FAST- Maintaining Self respect

3. GIVE - Skill for maintaining Relationships

Acronyms used in DBT to help with all of the interpersonal effectiveness skills

FAST/

Fair: to both oneself and other

Apologies when it is needed only

Stick to values:

Truthful

Acronym used in DBT for self respect effectiveness

GIVE/

• Gentle,

• Interested,

• Validate, and

• Easy Manner

Acronym used in DBT for relationship effectiveness

Understanding emotions

Reducing emotional vulnerability

Decrease emotional suffering

3 main goals of emotional regulation in DBT

Describe,

Express

Assert

Reinforce

Mindful

appear confident

negotiate

In DBT, what does the acronym "DEAR MAN" stand for?

Wise Mind

The concept of integrating rational and emotional mind in DBT is called

crisis time

1. ACCEPTS

2. Grounding techniques

3. TIPP

4. RESISTT

   .

5. Focusing on Pros and cons

6. Radical acceptance

7. Self soothing

8. Improving the moment

9. STOP skill

Distress tolerance skills in DBT (9)

DBT consultation team

who offer supervision and support to DBT therapists for their self care

Diary card

what is used in DBT to track emotions, behaviors, and skill usage.

1. Mindfulness.

2. Distress Tolerance.

3. Emotion Regulation.

4. Interpersonal Effectiveness.

which are 4 modules of DBT

Chain analysis

What is used as a tool to identify triggers and impulsive behaviours in DBT

1. mindfulness based stress reduction/ MBSR by Jon kabat Zinn

2. mindfulness based cognitive therapy/ MBCT

2 widespread mindfullness based programmes?

elapse prevention for recurrent depression

MBCT developed as a—-

1. Thought process focus

2. New way of being with stress

3. Distinguishing thoughts as mere thoughts

4. observing thoughts rather interfering

5. Behavioural interventions are focused on awareness of present moment

Characteristics of MBCT (5)

8 sessions of 2 hours

no of sessions in MBCT

1. An integrative group therapy of MBSR and CBT

2. Developed by Zindel Segal, Mark Williams, and John Teasdale

3. Originally developed as a measure of relapse prevention of depression

4. Group intervention consists of 8 session of 2 hour duration

5. Each weekly session include

   1. Formal mindfulness practices: body scan, mindful breathing, walking meditation

   2. Informal practices: mindful eating, daily awareness exercises

   3. Cognitive components: identifying mood-thought links, decentering from negative thoughts

   4. Metacognitive training

   5. Group discussion and home practice

6. It interrupts Automatic pilot mode: the tendency to act without awareness

7. Teaches clients to Decenter from their thoughts, viewing them as transient mental events rather than facts.

8. Key techniques are

   1. Bodyscan

   2. Mindful breathing

   3. 3 minute breathing space

9. particularly effective in addressing

   1. rumination,

   2. negative automatic thoughts,

   3. mood reactivity.

10. Used with

    1. Depression relapse prevention

    2. GAD

    3. bipolar

MBCT (10)

MBCT/ Mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Meta cognitive awareness important part of which therapy

1. Relapse prevention in MDD

2. GAD

3. Bipolar disorder

MBCT is used to treat?

1. Acceptance and diffusion

2. Self observation and mindfulness

3. Values and committed action

ACT triflex ? ( acceptance and commitment therapy)

Experiential avoidance

Domain about trying to avoid, get rid of, suppress, or escape from unwanted “private experiences” talked in in ACT by Hayes?

Focuses on acceptance rather symptom reduction

How the behavior therapy ACT by Steven C. Hayes is different from CBT?

Relational frame theory by Steven Hayes

ACT rests on an underlying theory of human language and cognition called?

ACT by Hayes/

Acceptance commitment therapy

A mindfulness based CBT with quite a lot of existential influence, concerned about taking values-guided action,

introduced unique elements focusing on acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based living.

1. Accept thoughts and emotions

2. Choose valued direction

3. Take action

Healthy alternatives in ACT/ Acceptance commitment therapy is?

1. Cognitive defusion

2. Acceptance of private experiences

   .

3. Mindfulness/ Contact with the present moment

4. The observing self/ Self as context

   .

5. Discover Values

6. Committed action

ACT commonly employs 6 core principles (Hexaflex) to help clients develop psychological flexibility, which are they?

Assertive therapy by Andrew salter

A type of psychotherapy that focuses on developing communication skills and self-confidence to help individuals express their thoughts and feelings in a direct and respectful manner.

Biofeedback therapy
By Miller, kamer

A therapy technique involving monitoring patient’s physical processing and then helps to reduce them for wellbeing

Multimodal therapy

intended to optimize treatment of brain disorders by delivering different types of therapy together

1. Forming

2. storming

3. norming

4. performing

5. adjourning/Mourning

Which are the different stages, typically, in a group therapy?

Gestalt therapy

When a client tapping their foot on the floor, the therapist would get them exaggerate the movement and talk about the feeling the cone up. what therapy method would explain this ?

Gestalt therapy

A humanistic and experiential approach that focuses on

1. awareness,

2. personal responsibility,

3. the here-and-now experience.

the therapist often uses techniques like exaggeration, role-playing, and focusing on sensations and emotions to help clients gain insight into their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Paradoxical intention

A cognitive technique by Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy, used to treat recursive anxiety by repeatedly rehearsing the anxiety-inducing pattern of thought or behaviour, often with exaggeration and humor.

eg:

• “The next time you speak, try to tremble as much as you can—really go for it. See if you can be the best trembler on stage!”

Roger’s client centered therapy

Unconditional positive regard is associated with which therapy?

1. Hypnosis

2. Free association

3. resistance

4. transference

5. Dream interpretation

Major methods used by Freud in therapy

congruent and positive self concept

According to carl rogers the aim of therapy is to achieve?

behavioural therapy

The therapy that uses the experimentally derived principles of learning to the treatment of psychological disorders.

1. Empirical approach.

2. Behaviour can be unlearned.

3. Maladaptive behaviours are learned

4. History is less relevant than present ones.

Assumptions of behavioural therapy (4)

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Behavioural therapy is based on which learning theory?

Operant conditioning

Behaviour modification in behaviour therapy is based on which learning theory?

1. Behavioural excesses

2. Deficits

3. Inappropriate stimulus control

Three broad groups of behavioural problem in Behavioural therapy?

differential reinforcement

implementation of two different degrees of reinforcement to improve the desired behaviour and decrease the undesired behaviour in behaviour therapy

1. differential reinforcement,

2. punishment,

3. overcorrection

different behavioural modification techniques in behavioural therapy

Flooding

An intensive type of exposure therapy in which you must face your fear at a maximum level of intensity for an extended amount of time without being followed by the unconditional stimuli (e.g. physical injury or pain due to dog bite).

1. Metaphors

2. Worksheets

3. Homework

4. Mindfulness skill

Major therapy aids in ACT

Token economy system

a form of psychological therapy based on operant conditioning, which uses a reward system to manage maladaptive behaviours

implosive therapy

A form of desensitisation, which means that it involves repeated exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli via the form of visual imagery guided by the therapist's vivid descriptions.

Stress inoculation therapy/ SIT

Type of CBT designed to help individuals develop effective coping strategies and resilience in managing stress, anxiety specifically for PTSD

It begin by by teaching coping strategies unlike therapies that begin with trauma exposure,

Inoculation

Building immunity or resistance to stressors through gradual exposure and skill-building exercises in SIT (Stress Inoculation Therapy) is called (Meichenbaum)

1. Information providing

2. Skill acquisition

3. application and practice

3 phases of stress inoculation therapy/SIT by Dr. Donald Meichenbaum

William Glasser’s Reality therapy

A form of counselling that views behaviors as choices and emphasise Self evaluation.

It states that psychological symptoms occur not because of a mental health condition, but due to people choosing behaviors to fulfill their needs.

Organised behaviour

Past behaviours that we created to meet our unmet needs are called —— in reality therapy?

EMDR/ Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

Therapy in which disturbed thoughts are controlled and eliminated by moving eyes back and forth rapidly
Mainly for Trauma and PTSD by Dr. Francine Shapiro

Adaptive information processing/ AIP by Shapiro

What is theory behind EMDR therapy

1. History taking and treatment plan

2. Preparing client

3. Assessment of specific traumatic memory

4. Desensitisation through bilateral stimulation and reprocessing

5. Installation of positive beliefs

6. Body scan to check if the discomfort remains

7. Closure and stabilisation

8. Reevaluation and continuous care

8 phases of EMDR therapy

psychoanalysis and humanism

Play therapy is based in conceptual understanding of which school of thought?

Virginia Axline

Who developed NDPT (Non directive play therapy) and usually considered as founder of play therapy

1. Exploratory stage

2. Testing for protection

3. Dependency stage

4. Therapeutic growth stage

5. Termination/ Closure stage

Stages in play therapy

Testing for protection

The stage in Play therapy, where child begin to express needs in a tentative way

Dependency stage

In play therapy, the greater expression of needs happens in which stage