Chapter 20 : blood

Hematology

study of blood, - forming tissues, and disorders associated with them

blood

transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients. waste, hormones

Blood

Regulates PH, body temperature, and water content ( cells ) - sem neutral 7

blood

Protection - blood loss, foreign microbes and toxins

Basic

Higher PH means

Acidic

Lower PH means

plasma

liquid matrix

Formed elements

blood cells & fragments are

hypovolemic

low blood volumes

hypervolemia

excessive blood volume

PH 7.35 - 7.45 buffered

Plasma

about 50 % of the volume of whole blood

Plasma

made of 92% of water

plasma

7% protientd ( albumins, globins, fiberogens, regulatory proteins)

Plasma

1% of other solutes, electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic wastes

Oxygen concentration

Higher in plasma than in interstitial fluid

Oxygen → plasma → interstitial fluid

carbon dioxide concentration

whats lower in plasma than in interstitial fluid

carbon dioxide → initial fluid → plasma

Dissolved protein concentration

What is Higher in plasma? extremely low in intestinal fluid

plasma

This substance, compared to the intestinal fluid, contains:

• more oxygen

• less carbon dioxide

• more dissolved proteins

and is also found on the inside of blood vessels

Albumins

• 60 %

• smallest plasma protein

• “ white of an egg”

• multitasking protein

Albumins

contributes to the osmotic pressure of plasma

• Small proteins can pass through the wall of blood vessels

• But these proteins can’t, which helps maintain the pressure in blood vessels even if other proteins leave

Albumins

transports fatty acids and steroid hormones

• These substances fear water, so this protein provides pockets to protect these substances from water

• Blood plasma is 90% water

Globins

• makes up 35% of plasma proteins

• also makes hemoglobin and myoglobin in the blood

has two types

• immunoglobulins

• transport globlins

Immunogloblins

attack pathogens

Transport Globins

a protein that transport ions and hormones

fibrinogens

• 4%

• Largest of the plasma proteins

• involved in the blood clotting process

• interacts with fibrin - makes the framework for clotting

formed elements

• makes up about 45% of whole blood

• erythrocytes 99.9% of whole blood.'

• platelets < 0.1% of whole blood ( functions in clotting )

• leukocytes < 0.1% of whole blood ( immune system )

hematocrit readings

The percentage of whole blood occupied by the formed elements

• males: 45% ( 5.4 million RBCs per microliter)

• females: 42% ( 4.8 million RBCs per microliter)

aka

• packed cell volume ( PCV )

• Volume of packed red cells ( Vpkc )

centrifuge

Red blood cells

• biconcave disc with a thin central region - flexible

• measure about 7.7 microns in diameter

• needs to be able to fold and bend

• lacks a nucleus and organelles

  • Anaerobic respiration (don’t use mitcrocchinda bc it counter intuitive )

• Life span is 120 days

• hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

a red pigment found in RBC, a gas transport

> 95% OF RBC protein

• transports oxygen using a ring of iron

blood types

Determined by agglutinogens or antigens

• antigens on the surface of RBC

• glycoproteins or glycolipids

There are three major types of antigens

• Antigen A

• Antigen B

• Antigen D - Rh factor the - or + ( found in resses monkeys )

White blood cells ( WBCs)

• leukocytes

• nucleated, no hemoglobin ( red pigment )

• short life span - hours to days

  • Diapedesis

  • chemotaxis

Diapedesis

movement of leukocytes through capillary wall - between cells

Chemotaxis

draws the leukocytes toward the invading agent using a chemical gradient

Granulocytes

• class of WBCs

• granular cytoplasm, lobed nuclei

• Neutrophils, eosinophils, Basophiles

Agranulocytes

• Classification of WBC

• No granules in cytoplasm

• poor staining

• includes monocytes, lymphocytes

Neutrophiles

• granules contain chemicals to kill bacteria

Neutrophiles

Typically, the first WBC at a bacteria site

Neutrophils

Very active phagocyte

Neutrophils

only alive for about 10 hrs

Neutrophiles

A WBC thoses nucleus is multi-lobed (which gives it the ability to fit in tight spaces )

Neutrophiles

a type of WBC that fights against bacterial infections

• First on the site of a bacterial and fungi infection

• activates in minutes

Eosinophils

• 2% - 4%

• Granules release a chemical that reduces inflammation

  • stain acid red

Eosinophils

attack a foreign substance (parasites) that has reacted with circulating antibodies

• attacks the parasite with toxin bombs

Eosinophils

Associated with allergic reactions

and contains a bilobed nucleus

( reduces allergy reactions )

Basophils

> 1 %

• granules release histamine and heparin

  • Histamine dilates blood vessels

  • heparin prevents abnormal blood clotting

Basophils

A WBC whose nucleus is usually hidden due to all the granules ( who you’re gonna call )

Monocytes

• 2 - 8 % of white blood cells

• Agranular

• largest WBC

• the most versatile cells

• contains a kidney-shaped nucleus

Monocytes

located in the kidney or a large oval-shaped nucleus

monocytes

releases chemicals to attract other phagocytic cells, fibroblasts

• Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to surround the uninfected site, scar tissue

Lymphocytes

• 20 -30 % of white blood cells

• Agranular has little cytoplasm, and the nucleus stains purple

• type of white blood cell

differentiates into :

• T cells

• B cells

• Nk cells

a dark purple thing the same size as an RBC

specific immunity

The ability of the body to mount a counterattack against an invading pathogen or foreign protein on an individual basis

• remembers a pathogen and can respond to it faster

T cells

enter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly ( they do not produce antibodies )

B- cells

differentiates into plasma cells that secretes antibodies

Nk cells

responsible for immune surveillance - destruction of abnormal tissues prevents cancer

Platelets ( thrombocytes )

• membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm

• derived from megakaryocytes

  • large cells in bone marrow

  • fragments forming bits and pieces of packets

• about 350,000 per microliter of blood

thrombocytopenia

lower than normal number of platelets

• bleeding in digestive tract

thrombocytosis

Higher than normal number of platelets

• signs for cancer

platelet

clotting response ( hemostasis )

• chemical needed for the clotting release

  • platelet thromboplastic factor

• forms a temporary patch in the wall of the damaged blood vessels

• causes the contraction after a clot has formed to reduce the size of the break in the vessel wall

  • actin and myosin

hemopoiesis

• blood formation

• begins with the hematopoietic stem cells

• differentiate to form two cells :

  • myeloid stem cells → red, white

  • lymphatic stem cells