BIO 1010 Final Exam - Kearley

Define Homeostasis

stable internal operating conditions within the body

Examples of Homeostasis

body temperature regulation

blood sugar regulation

pH balance

calcium levels in the blood

What are the functions of the integument?

• protection (from infections, the sun, dehydration)

• helps control your internal temperature (sweating, shivering)

• sensory receptors detect environment stimuli (detector telling your body how to react to the weather)

What are the layers of the skin?

epidermis & dermis

Epidermis

formed by several layers of cells (stratum basale & stratum corneum)

Stratum basale

intermost part of the epidermis (mitotic), contains melanocytes while darken the skin while tanning and protected against UV rays

Stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis & consists of flattened dead skin cells = keratin

Dermis

mostly connective tissue - composed of collagen and elastin (proteins)

houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands, & sensory nerves

What are the structures found in each part of the integument?

sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and arrector pili muscles

sweat glands

produce fluid in response to stress (fright, overheating)

oil glands

lubricate and soften skin

• reduce bacterial populations

hair

root embedded in the dermis

arrector pili muscles

smooth muscles that are attached to and erect hairs - cause goose bumps

What are the types of skin cancer?

Basal Cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant melanoma

What is the primary cause of skin cancer?

overexposure to UV light

What are the functions of your skeletal system?

interact with muscles to move the body

support and protect (rib cage)

depository (calcium/take in or withdraw)

blood production

What are the different types of cartilage, where are they found?

hyaline cartilage - end of nose/sternum

elastic cartilage - external ear

fibrocartilage - intervertebral disks

Compare and contrast cartilage and bone structure

Cartilage (chondrocytes) has no blood vessels and usually softer while bone structure (osteocytes) has blood vessels and is strong/rigid

Bone Formation

start with a cartilage model - secretions made by osteoblasts (osteocytes) become mineralized

remodeling - minerals are deposited and removed at the same time

Bone Growth

somatropin stimulates osteoblasts (osteocytes) to deposit matrix - bones grow longer

osteoblasts deposit new matrix to the outside of the bone as well

somatropin also causes osteoclasts to remove matrix

bone and cavity become larger

fibrous joints

no gaps between the bones (flat cranial bones)

synovial joints

move freely

stabilized by ligaments

fluid lubricates the joint (hinge joints)

cartilaginous joints

permit only slight movement (intervertebral disks)

Stretching or twisting may result in a sprain

tearing or damaging ligaments

rheumatoid arthritis

the synovial membranes become inflamed, the cartilage degenerates, and bone is deposited in the joint

osteoarthritis

the cartilage at the end of a bone wears out

osteopenia

bones are getting thinner (pre-osteoporosis)

osteopetrosis

bones get too thick (osteoclasts aren’t working)

Describe how muscles and bones interact.

each skeletal muscle have hundreds of thousands of muscle cells (fiber)

muscles connect to bones near joints - transmit force to the bone to move it via tendons

skeletal muscles interact (work with and in opposition to one another) to conduct tasks

Describe how exercise affects your muscles.

exercise causes muscles to increase in size and metabolic activity

number of muscle cells does not increase - size of muscle cells increase

the number of actin and myosin filaments increase with increased exercise but decrease with lack of use

cardiac muscle

found in the heart, contains intercalated disks, single nucleus

smooth muscle

tapered at the ends, under involuntary control - found in the digestive system and lining blood vessel walls, single nucleus

skeletal muscle

a voluntary, striated tissue comprising ~40% of body weight, responsible for movement, posture, and joint stabilization

Describe food’s passage from the oral cavity to the stomach. List all important structures from

the oral cavity to the stomach