Reforms, Ideology, and Islam in the Ottoman Empire

Flashcards covering the transitions of the Ottoman Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries, focusing on legal reforms, military reorganization, economic treaties, and evolving political ideologies.

Arabic nationalism

An ideology developed via the perception of Islam as a common identity, emphasizing language, historical past, and cultural heritage.

Mahmutt II

The leader who initiated military reorganization in the second half of the 18th century and abolished the Janissary corps.

Selim III

The leader under whom the Ottoman Empire established frequent contact with the West by opening permanent embassies in Vienna, Paris, and London.

Yusuf Agah Efendi

A significant diplomatic figure sent by the Ottoman Empire to represent interests in London.

Ebubekir Ratip Efendi

A diplomatic figure sent by the Ottoman Empire to represent the state in Vienna and Paris.

Hatti Şerif (1839)

A decree regarding equality and rights that was never fully implemented due to the death of Mahmutt II.

Arazi Kannunamesi

A taxation system where citizens were taxed based on their individual income.

çiflik

A term referring to the seizure of abandoned lands of the Empire, which became common in the second half of the 18th century.

Bedel-i Askeriye

A tax implemented in 1855, paid by non-Muslims who did not serve in the military.

Treaty of Balta Limanı

An 1838 agreement that opened the Ottoman market to the West, abolished state monopolies, and allowed for Western intervention in the Empire's economics.

Corn Law

An 1842 British law that abolished heavy tariffs on the import of grain.

Crimean War

An armed conflict from 1853 to 1856 between the Russian Empire and the Allied powers (British, French, and Ottoman Empires) over Eastern territories and Black Sea strategy.

The "Great Sick Man"

A term used to describe the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War due to its inability to face Russian expansionism without allies.

Hatti Hümayun

The official declaration of equality, rule of law, and civil rights proclaimed in 1856 under the leadership of Abdumecik.

Abdumecik

The leader who proclaimed the Hatti Hümayun in 1856 and changed the land ownership system to allow private inheritance and sale.

Ottomanism

An ideology influenced by Western political currents that redefined subjects as equal citizens to create a shared Ottoman Identity.

Neo-Ottomans

A diverse group that used literature and journalism to advocate for a constitutional monarchy and the creation of a Parliament to limit the Sultan's power.

First Ottoman Constitution

A document formulated in 1873 establishing that all subjects are equal before the law, while maintaining Islam as the state religion and the Sultan's right to dissolve Parliament.

Conference of the Shipyard

An 1876 conference in Constantinople involving England, Russia, and France regarding the division of Ottoman territories.

Treaty of Berlin

An 1878 treaty between Germany and the Ottoman Empire that led to the creation of autonomous states including Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania.

Pan-Islamism

A policy used by Abdul Hamid II since the 1880s to strengthen the Empire against Western expansion and the formation of Christian national states.

Galata Imperial High School

An institution founded in 1862 where lessons were taught in French, serving as a model for training high-ranking government officials.

Robert College

An institution built by American Protestants (1863-1973) that is now the University of the Bosphorus.