Introduction to The Human Body Chapter 1

Anatomy

The study of body structure including form, size, location, and composition.

Physiology

The study of body function; how the body works and why it is essential.

Pathophysiology

The study of disease effects on body function.

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Tissues

Specialized groups of cells that perform specific functions.

Organs

Structures made of different tissues that perform a specific function.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

Integumentary System

The system including skin, hair, and nails that protects the body and regulates temperature.

Skeletal System

The system that provides structure, support, and protection for organs; includes bones, joints, and cartilage.

Muscular System

The system responsible for movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.

Nervous System

The system that processes sensory information and controls movement, thoughts, memories, and emotions.

Endocrine System

The system that secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Circulatory System

The system that transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste materials.

Lymphatic System

The system that maintains fluid balance and helps fight infections.

Immune System

The system that defends against infections and diseases.

Respiratory System

The system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

The system that breaks down food for nutrient absorption and eliminates waste.

Urinary System

The system that filters and removes waste from the body and maintains water and electrolyte balance.

Reproductive System

The system that enables reproduction and produces sex hormones.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference body position used to describe locations and directions.

The correct anatomical position includes:
1. Standing upright
2. Head facing forward
3. Palms facing forward
4. Arms at the sides
5. Feet slightly apart

Homeostatic Imbalance

A state that can lead to disease or dysfunction when homeostasis is disrupted.

Sagittal Plane

A body plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

Frontal Plane

A body plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.

Transverse Plane

A body plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.

Dorsal Cavity

The body cavity located towards the back, including the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral Cavity

The body cavity located towards the front, including thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Cranial Cavity

The space within the skull that houses the brain.

Spinal Cavity

The cavity that protects the spinal cord.

Thoracic Cavity

The cavity located above the diaphragm, containing the heart and lungs.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The cavity located below the diaphragm, containing digestive and reproductive organs.

Quadrants

Four sections of the abdominopelvic cavity used for clinical diagnosis.

Regions

Nine sections of the abdominopelvic cavity used to specify locations of pain and conditions.

Epicondyle

A bony prominence above a condyle.

Viscera

The internal organs located within body cavities.

Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

The processes that maintain homeostasis by regulating internal environments.

Tachycardia

An abnormally fast heart rate.

Bradycardia

An abnormally slow heart rate.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Hypotension

Low blood pressure.

Ischemia

Insufficient blood supply to tissues.

Anemia

A condition marked by insufficient red blood cells.

Inflammation

A response of body tissues to injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Palpation

The examination of the body by touch.

Auscultation

Listening to the sounds of the body, typically with a stethoscope.

Sign

An objective indication of a disease or condition.

Symptom

A subjective experience reported by the patient.

-stasis

Standstill

Oral cavity

Mouth

Nasal cavity

nose

Orbital cavity

eyes

Middle ear cavities

ears

Epigastric

Below breastbone (above stomach)

Umbilical

Around belly button

Hypogastric

Below stomach

Right & left hypochndriac

under ribs

Right & left lumbar

Sides of umbilical region

Right & left lliac (Inguinal)

Near hip bones

Quadrants (4 sections)

1. Right upper quadrants (RUQ)

2. Left upper quadrants (LUQ)

3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominal cavity

Upper portion (Stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys)

Pelvic cavity

Lower portion (Reproductive organs, bladder, rectum)

Pleural cavities

Right and left lungs