Gender and Intersectionality

Warner - 2008

Defined intersectionality as how social identities interact to form different meanings and experiences.

Whats interesting about social groups?

They’re situated hierarcically, intersectional factors are in a hierarchical structure based on social inequality.

When was Ghavami and Peplau’s research conducted

2012

What was the method of Ghavami and Peplau’s study (2012)

Looked at perceptions of race and gender all individually. Eg: looked at blacks, women, whites, men.

How were Black women described in Ghavami and Peplau’s 2012 study?

Promiscious, loud, unfeminine

How were Blacks described in Ghavami and Peplaus 2012 study?

Aggressive, dangerous, criminal

How were women described in Ghavami and Peplau’s 2012 study?

Soft, feminine, submissive.

What are the findings of Ghavami and Peplau’s 2012 study?

While terms for women fit white women, terms for Blacks fit Black men. Black women dont fit in these categories.

Whats some evaluation for the Ghavami and Peplau 2012 study?

Studied explicit biases, may not capture full opinion, social desriability. Also issues of cultural differences.

What was Calabrese’s 2014 key concept?

Triple Jeopardy - the idea that holding two or more stigmatised identities puts you at a triple risk compared to those without.

When was Calabrese et al’s study conducted?

2014

What was the method of Calabrese’s 2014 study?

Participants with triple jeopardy, no jeopardy single jeopardy reported feelings of mental illness, discrim etc. These were compared with one another

What did Calabrese et al 2014 find?

Holding 3 stigmatised identities means higher rates of discrimination and poorer mental health.

Evaluation of Calabrese et al 2014 study?

The sample used was small, less than 200 and only in the US. Cant generalise this.

When was Cech’s study conducted?

2022

What was Cech’s method?

Looked at white hetero able bodied men, compared different identities and how theyre disadvantaged in STEM compared to the WHAM.

What did Cech 2022 find?

The most stigmatised identities experienced the most discrimination, harassment, lack of career advancement etc.

What is intersectional invisability

Holding multiple stigmatised identities or not being a protoypical member of a group can make one invisible.

Advantages of intersectional invisibility?

Can lead to less discrimination in some areas, eg: women Black women arent put in prison as much as Black men.

Disadvantages of intersectional invisibility?

Can make people more marginalised.

When did Thomas et al conduct their study?

2014

What was Thomas et al 2014 method?

Asked to assess whether a person was Black or white from being shown photographs.

What did Thomas et al 2014 find?

Black women were less recognised as Black then Black men. Also were slower associating Black women with the word woman than white women.

Higher error rate for Black women.

When did Thiem et al conduct their study?

2020

What method was used by Thiem et al 2020?

Saw faces of different ages, races, genders etc categorises into danger related objects/words.

What was found by Thiem 2020?

Found that Black rated more dangerous accross all factors. Black women less associated with danger than Black men, this isnt present across white participants.

When was McMahon and Kahn’s study carried out?

2016

What was McMahon and Kahn’s 2016 methodology?

Given statements about White and Black women surrounding benevolent sexism. Looked at just race and race and behaviour.

What is benevolent sexism?

Ideas of sexism relating to chilverly, women being feminine protected etc.

What did McMahon and Kahn 2016 find?

They found when just race, white women rated more benevolent sexism. When race and behaviour, black women rated more benevolent sexism. this is because stereotypically black women not associated with this. seen as more of a shock so more sexism.

When was Davis et al study conducted?

2024

What was Davis et al 2024 method?

Give p’s scenarios about women in danger, men operating on benevolent sexism. asked to rate how in danger they’d feel, how positive theyd feel and whether its benevolent sexism.

What did Davis et al 2024 find?

Black women saw task as: more dangerous, thought women would feel more positive and benevolent not sexism.

More okay with benevolent sexism due to more used to danger like idea of being protected.

What concept was used by Hall et al 2015?

Gendered racism, idea that Asian seen as feminine, White as neutral Black as masculine

When was Hall et al’s study conducted

2015

When was Swencionis and Goff’s study conducted?

2017

What was the method used by Swencionis and Goff 2017?

VR headsets, have aggressive man come up to them, Black or White men.

What did Swencionis and Goff 2017 find?

P’s more likely to shoot the Black man than White men. Idea of masculinity threat, see Black men as more threatening and so more likely to act in aggression.

What concept did Swencionis and Goff 2017 use?

Masuclinity threat - when men feel their masculinity is threatened (when another man is more masculine than then) they try to act more masculine through aggression etc.

When did Shih et al conduct their study?

1999

What method did Shih et al 1999 use?

They gave Asian American women a maths test. They either made gender prevelent or made race prevelent.

What did Shih 1999 find?

When identity as a women prevelent, decreased score on maths test (stereotype threat) when identitiy as an Asian prevelent, increased score on maths test (stereotype boost)

What concepts did Shih employ?

Stereotype threat - performance is worsened when aspects of identity fit with negative stereotype

Stereotype boost - performance is bettered when aspects of identitiy fit with positive stereotype.

Evaluation of Shih 1999 study?

Older study, may not represent modern day views.

When was Cheryan et al study?

2000

What did Cheryan et al find?

If making racial identity as asian too obvious, has opposite effect as before. Means they do worse on test because fear of not fulfilling stereotypes

When was Sesko and Biernet’s study conducted?

2009

What was Sesko and Biernet 2009 method?

Gave participants pictures of Black and white men and women faces. Asked if they recognised them. Also gave phrases to associate with images.

What did Sesko and Biernet 2009 find?

Black women faces less recognised and phrases as well.

What was Campions finding?

Mixed race individuals feel excluded from both sides of identitiy - can evaluate Sesko and Biernet.

When did Galinksy et al conduct their study?

2013

What did Galinsky et al 2013 find?

Stereotypes of Black women as masculine, Asian as feminine affects romantic choices, spots and leadership suitability.

Whos work does Galinsky et al 2013 link to?

Hall et al 2015