Western Civ Final Reformation

The Reformation: Why was the printing press important? Who invented it and when?

Spread information and ideas around quickly and make it accessible to all people “ the public”. Helps spread knowledge and education. Inventor: Johannes Gutenberg In: 1440. Started Reformation by enabling the mass production of pamphlets and translations of the Bible, fostering religious debate and reform.

What were Luther’s main beliefs? (Salvation by faith alone, Bible as sole authority, priesthood of all believers)

Humans were powerless and could never earn salvation. Believed that humans are not saved by their good deed but their faith let alone, bible only valid source of religious truth.

What was the significance of Luther’s 95 Theses?

Critical document that challenged the practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences. They sparked widespread debate and ultimately helped launch the Protestant Reformation, emphasizing the need for church reform.

Who was involved in the Diet of Worms? What was its outcome?

A council held in 1521 where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his writings and beliefs before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The outcome was Luther's refusal to recant his teachings, leading to his excommunication and the solidification of the Protestant Reformation.

What did Calvin believe? (Predestination, theocracy)

The doctrine of predestination, which asserted that God had already chosen who would be saved and who would be damned. He also established the idea of theocracy, advocating for a government based on religious principles where church leaders held significant power.

Why did Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?

Annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, as she had not produced a male heir. The Pope's refusal to grant the annulment led to the establishment of the Church of England, with the king as its supreme head.

How did the Catholic Church attempt to undermine the Protestant Reformation and/or reform the Church? (Catholic/Counter Reformation, Ignatius of Loyola/Mission of Jesuits, Council of Trent, and the Index of Forbidden Books)

To combat the spread of Protestantism, primarily through the establishment of the Jesuits by Ignatius of Loyola, who focused on education and missionary work. The Council of Trent addressed church reforms and clarified Catholic doctrine, while the Index of Forbidden Books sought to censor literature deemed heretical.

What was the Edict of Nantes and what was its impact on the Huguenots?

Issued in 1598 by Henry IV of France, granted substantial rights and protections to the Huguenots, allowing them to practice their religion freely. This helped to end the religious wars in France and established a temporary peace between Catholics and Protestants.

What was the result of the Treaty of Westphalia?

Signed in 1648, ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, recognizing the sovereignty of individual states and granting territorial rights to various religious groups. It marked a significant shift in the balance of power, establishing a framework for modern international relations.

What were the causes and effects of the 30 Years War?

Driven by a combination of religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants, as well as political power struggles within Europe. Its effects included widespread devastation across the continent, a significant loss of life, and the eventual establishment of the principle of state sovereignty.

What is capitalism? How were the Dutch impacted by this economic system?

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit. The Dutch experienced significant benefits from capitalism during the 17th century, becoming a leading economic power through trade, innovation, and financial institutions.

What is mercantilism? How were the Spanish impacted by this economic system?

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy to enhance national power, often through trade surplus and stockpiling precious metals. The Spanish were significantly impacted by mercantilism, as it drove their colonial expansion in the Americas and led to immense wealth from gold and silver, but also economic challenges due to overreliance on precious metal exports.