Dosage Forms of Drugs​​ Pharma 1 lec

The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.

Dosage Forms

A tablet is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval, or square shape. 

Tablet

Powder (Active Ingredient) + Powder (Excipient) + Sticky Binder

Compressed Tablet

________ are shiny, coated with sugars and/or oils that can’t be dissolved by the stomach acid, which avoids stomach pain. 

Enteric-coated tablets

If the tablet is too irritating to the stomach, drugs are coated with _____ (an oily substance); it dissolves in an alkaline environment (in the intestines)

salol

• _____________ are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal). 

• The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the bloodstream.

• Powder (Active Ingredient) + Powder (Excipient) + Less Sticky Binder (saliva dissolves the tablet)

Buccal and Sublingual Tablet

_______ are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates, and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide.

Effervescent tablets

• Administered via enteral route/oral

• Powder (Active Ingredient) + Powder (Excipient) + Less Binder (Softer than tablet)

• Examples: Berocca Tablet and Fluimucil

Effervescent Tablet

• Similar to effervescent tablets, but do not produce bubbles, and are administered via parenteral route/injection (from the diluent solution)

• Powder (Active Ingredient) + Powder (Excipient) + Less Binder (Softer than tablet)

Hypotablets (Hypotabs) or Triturate Tablet

• They are tablets that are chewed prior to swallowing.​

• They are designed for administration to children 

• Powder (Active Ingredient) + Powder (Less Excipient) + Less Sticky Binder (Softer) + Flavoring

• Example: Vitamin products.​

Chewable Tablet

• A _________ is a medication in a gelatin container. ​

• It can be opened (powder granules inside)

capsule

• A soft gel, capsule-shaped

• The drug inside the capsule is liquid

• Example: Fish Oil, Omega Capsules, LiquiGel

Gel

• A capsule in shape (oblong), but it is hard (tablet); not made of gelatin

Caplet

Other term for lozenge

troches

• It is a solid preparation (hard) consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. 

• It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies. ​

• Intended to be held in the mouth; releases the active ingredient slowly

• Tablet + Flavoring + Coloring

• Example: Strepsil

Lozenge

• They are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, also to medicate the throat. 

• They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol (oil for soothing effect) and gelatin, or acacia and sugar.

• Example: Valda 

Pastilles

• Smallest Tablet

• ____ are oral dosage forms that consist of spherical masses (ovoid) prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients. ​

• _____ are now rarely used.​

Pills

Pills are oral dosage forms that consist of spherical masses (ovoid) prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients. ​ True or False

True

Lozenges are softer than pastilles and their bases are either glycerol (oil for soothing effect) and gelatin, or acacia and sugar. True or False

False

• A drug in powder form that is packed in sachets or containers for mixture through feeds and drinking water ​

• It cannot be applied topically

Powder (Oral)

• _______ are clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle. ​

• Liquid (Active Ingredients) + Liquid (Excipient - Aqueous; Water-Based) 

Oral solutions

• ________ are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids either oil is dispersed in finely divided form in water or vice versa.​

• Oil (Active Ingredients) + Liquid (Excipient - Aqueous; Water-Based) = Oil Water Based Solution

Oral emulsions

• Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. 

• May show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension, which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered.​

• Powder/Solid (Active Ingredients) + Liquid (Excipient - Aqueous; Water-Based) = Suspension/Magma

• Not transparent in color

Oral suspension

• It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose to which medicaments are added. 

• Flavored _________are a convenient form of masking disagreeable tastes.

• Liquid (Active Ingredients) + Liquid (Excipient - Aqueous; Water-Based) + Flavoring + Coloring + 80% Sucrose

• Transparent in color

syrups

• It is a pleasantly flavored, clear liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs. 

• The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose, together with antimicrobial preservatives, which confer the stability of the preparation. ​

• Liquid (Active Ingredients) + Liquid (Excipient - Aqueous; Water-Based) + Hydroalcoholic Solution (Water with Alcohol) = Bitter taste

Elixir

• Viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough.

• Contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol, which have a demulcent effect on the membranes of the throat. 

• The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action, they should be taken undiluted.​

• Liquid (Active Ingredients) + Liquid (Excipient - Aqueous; Water-Based) + Glycerol (oil for soothing effect and removes irritation)

Linctuses

• _________ are liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. 

• They may be solutions, suspensions or emulsions ​

• Higher Active Ingredients (Drugs) + Lower Excipients 

Oral drops

• They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections. ​

• Usually, they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use. ​

• Higher concentration of the drug is required for it to be used rarely; in severe cases of halitosis

Gargles

• These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth.​

• Lower concentration of the drug for it to be used on a regular basis

Mouthwashes

Obtain from the liquid (Active Ingredients in plants)

Extract

A basin bowl of water mixed with plant materials thoroughly. Left until it solidifies where sedimentation below occurs and the water above (color changed)

Maceration

A drug that is prepared with boiling water

Decoction

A drug that is used with lukewarm water

Infusion

Sieve (sifting) the dried plant materials; mix with water (hot, warm, or cold), which results in menstruum (drug produced; changed color)

Percolation

dried plant materials; mix with water (hot, warm, or cold), which results in ______

menstruum

Decoction, Infusion, or menstruum with alcohol results in _____; Examples are Povidone Iodine or Tincture of Iodine

tincture

• _______ are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum, or nasal mucosa.

• Transparent in color

• It does not enter the skin (keratin layer) easily after application (still on the surface)

Ointments

• ______are semi-solid emulsions, that is, mixtures of oil and water. ​

• Not transparent in color

• It enters the skin easily than ointments 

• After application to the skin, the water will evaporate while the oil will enter the keratin layer

Creams

• ________ are a semi-solid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking. ​

• They are used for medication, lubrication, and some miscellaneous applications like a carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intravaginally.​

Gels

• _____ feature where it is has a cold effect after application

Ice-gel

___________ produces that cold effect

Polymeric matrix with gums

• An old preparation 

• It is a soft, viscous, pasty preparation for external use. 

• They are applied to the skin while they are hot. 

• More oil and water excipients, and that increased oil produces heat and causes irritation (external parasite is the target)

• It is used as a repellent for external parasites

• It is called poultice as it is commonly used in poultry, specifically fighting cocks

• Shampoo, soap, and other cleaning materials are substituted to poultice because of easier access (less expensive, etc.)

• Poultice must retain heat for a considerable time because they are intended to supply warmth to inflamed parts of body. 

• Example: Kaolin poultice (B.P.C.)

Poultice

• Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solids has been added to a high oil concentration and water

• More solid than creams

Pastes

• These are free-flowing very fine powders for external use. 

• Not for use on open wounds unless the powders are sterilized.​

Dusting powder

• ___________ are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally semi-solid preparations intended for application to the skin. 

• They may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions. ​

• It produces increased heat production with applied rubbing friction

• Most are massaged into the skin (e.g., counter-irritant).​

• ________ should not be applied to broken skin 

Liniments

• These are fluid preparations (aqueous) for external application without rubbing friction, either dabbed on the skin or applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation.​

Lotions​

• ________ is a solution of nitrocellulose in ether or acetone, sometimes with the addition of alcohols.

• Excipient is cellulose acetate

• Its generic name is pyroxylin solution.

• After application, the acetone will evaporate, leaving the nitrocellulose. The Nitrocellulose will then look like plastic, which can be peeled off.

Collodion

• _____________ are liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes. ​

• It has color and is applied to a discontinuity skin or open wound (burn or scales)

• Color is contributed by iodine as an antiseptic (also gentian violet and methylene blue)

• Skin paints contain volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry, resinous film of medicament. ​

Paints

• Several different types of pharmaceutical products may be packaged in pressurized dispensers, known as ______. ​

aerosols

• Surface sprays produce droplets of 100 um diameter or greater. ​

• May be used as surface disinfectants, wound or burn dressing, relieve irritation of bites. ​

• Spray-on dusting powders are also available from pressurized containers.​

Pressurized Dispensers (Aerosol Sprays)

• It is a small solid medicated mass, usually coneshaped, that is inserted either into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository or pessaries) where it melts at body temperature.​

• Solid dosage form with wax excipient

Suppository

• An _____ is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. ​

• Liquid dosage form with oil excipient (mineral oil or soap)

enema

An ___________ is an infusion method of putting liquid into the body, usually with a hollow needle and a syringe, which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body.

injection

kill all parts of the bacteria, microorganism, or virus, including the spores

Sterilization

kill the vegetative cells (kill the cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm; the spores are left, which can propagate and reproduce, called sporulation)

Disinfection

Site of injection must be clean & disinfected.​ True or False

True

If the drugs is too irritating, it should be given in fast I.V.​

False

I.M is advantageous if the drugs are rapidly excreted when given I.V. True or False

True

• The rate of drug absorption from S.C. (subcutaneous) can be manipulated to some degree by application of heat (↑ rate) or cold (↓ rate) to the area.​ True or False

True

• It is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ​

• Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly. ​

• Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the medication may either be absorbed fairly quickly or more gradually.​

Intramuscular Injection

Intramuscular injections are often given in the ________________

deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles.​

• _________ are given by injecting a fluid into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. ​

• _______ are highly effective in administering vaccines and such medications as insulin.

Subcutaneous injections

• A __________ is a vial of liquid medication intended for parenteral administration (injection or infusion) that contains more than one dose of medication.​

• There is a rubber stopper that expands and contracts. 

multi-dose vial

• An _______ is a small sealed vial that is used to contain and preserve a sample, usually a solid or liquid.​

• Usually has a mark on the neck to break open

• Only for single-dose usage; excess drugs must be discarded after use.

ampule

• ________ are solutions, suspensions, or emulsions of drugs in a mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in an aerosol dispenser. 

• Liquid drug in a pressurized container that releases a gas solution

• Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container through a spring-loaded valve incorporating a metering device. 

• The patient then inhales the released drug through a mouthpiece.​

• Small container with a small amount of drugs 

Inhalers

• A ________ is a device used to administer medication to people in the form of a liquid mist to the airways.

• Large container with a large amount of drugs

nebulizer

________ is a small container (plastic or glass) that contains the liquid drugs to be placed in a nebulizer 

Nebule

Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as a vehicle to administer medication in the eye. True or False

True

Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions. True or False

True

These are sterile semi-solid preparations intended for application to the conjunctiva or eyelid margin.​

Ophthalmic Ointment and Gel

• _______are solutions, suspensions or emulsions of drugs that are instilled into the ear with a dropper. ​

• It is used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear (pinna), middle ear, inner ear, and ear canal.​

Ear drops

• Usually for the outer ear (pinna) that is used to treat a parasite or scales

Ear (Otic) Ointments and Gel

• Drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle.​ 

Nasal Drops and Nasal Sprays