wounds - forensic 2

legal classification of wounds?

• I) Legal classification:

• Simple wounds; which heal in less than 20 days leaving no permanent infirmity.

• Dangerous wounds; which heal in more than 20 days and/or leave a permanent infirmity.

• Fatal " Mortal " wounds; which lead to death.

Which of the following leads to

permanent infirmity?

a. Loss of blind eye.

b. Tear of splenomegaly.

c. Rupture of hydronephrous kidney.

d. Loss of incisor tooth

d. Loss of incisor tooth

1- Abrasions. (Scratches). خدش

2- Contusions (Bruises). كدمة

3- Incised (cut) wounds.

4- Contused (lacerated) wounds.

5- Stab wounds.

6- Firearm wounds.

correct

abraison - contusion - laceration → blunt forces

correct

blunt forces

abraison - contusion - laceration → blunt forces

Permanent Infirmity → loss of a functioning organ, or loss of function in this organ.

right

1- Abrasions. (Scratches).

2- Contusions (Bruises).

3- Incised (cut) wounds.

4- Contused (lacerated) wounds.

5- Stab wounds.

6- Firearm wounds.

correct

stab wound = short + deep
cut incised = long superficial

correct

stab wound =
cut incised =

stab wound = short + deep
cut incised = long superficial

Abrasions:

– Destruction of the superficial layers of the skin, i.e. either the epidermis alone or involves the upper dermis due to pressure or friction with a rough blunt object.

– Destruction of the superficial layers of the skin, i.e. either the epidermis alone or involves the upper dermis due to pressure or friction with a rough blunt object.

Abrasions:

what type of layer is affected in abbraisons?

– Destruction of the superficial layers of the skin, i.e. either the epidermis alone or involves the upper dermis due to pressure or friction with a rough blunt object.

Abrasions ooze serum which dries forming a scab (crust) which later falls

-they heal without scar formation.

correct

does abbraison ooze serum?

yes

does abbrasion lead to scar?

no

Abrasions ooze serum which dries forming a scab (crust) which later falls

-they heal without scar formation.

what does abbraaison means?

Abrasions denote resistance or struggle; finger-nail abrasions on the body of both the victim and assailant, e.g. rape and murder

• - Site: they occur at the site of trauma denoting the sort of the crime:-

abbraison the way of crime:
Around the mouth → smothering → فم خنق

– Around the neck → throttling -. رقبة

- Around wrists, mouth & thighs→ rape.

correct

abbraison the way of crime:
Around the mouth →

– Around the neck →

- Around wrists, mouth & thighs→

abbraison the way of crime:
Around the mouth → smothering → فم خنق

– Around the neck → throttling -. رقبة

- Around wrists, mouth & thighs→ rape.

smothering

Around the mouth → smothering → فم خنق

– Around the neck →

throttling -. رقبة

- Around wrists, mouth & thighs→

rape.

abbraisons → Shape: they take the shape of the causal instrument:-

corret

Smothering and throttling → 4 semilunar nail abrasions on one side and the 5th on the other side. They may point to the assailant if he is right or left handed, or having a missed finger (absent if wearing gloves or cutting of nails).

right

Ligature mark; compressed brown abrasion taking the rope shape.

علامة خنق بأخذ شكل السلاح

Bite Marks:-

Human bite → 2 curved rows.

Age: From Healing Abbraisons

: a) First 2 days: covered with a soft scab.

b) After 3 days: covered with a dry scab.

c) After 1 week: the scab falls leaving a red area which disappears in 2-3 weeks.

right

Age: From Healing Abbraisons

: a) First 2 days:

b) After 3 days:

c) After 1 week:

Age: From Healing Abbraisons

: a) First 2 days: covered with a soft scab.

b) After 3 days: covered with a dry scab.

c) After 1 week: the scab falls leaving a red area which disappears in 2-3 weeks.

Abbraison

abbraison

First 2 days abbraison

covered with a soft scab.

After 3 days abbraison

covered with a dry scab.

After 1 week abbraioson?

the scab falls leaving a red area which disappears in 2-3 weeks.

Bruises (contusionsرﺿوض ﻛدﻣﺎ ت

Definition : Extravasations of blood in tissues due to rupture of blood vessels caused by a blow with a blunt object .

correct

Bruises (contusionsرﺿوض ﻛدﻣﺎ ت

Definition : what is it?

Bruises (contusionsرﺿوض ﻛدﻣﺎ ت

Definition : Extravasations of blood in tissues due to rupture of blood vessels caused by a blow with a blunt object .

Bruises (contusionsرﺿوض ﻛدﻣﺎ ت

Definition : caused by what?

Bruises (contusionsرﺿوض ﻛدﻣﺎ ت

Definition : Extravasations of blood in tissues due to rupture of blood vessels caused by a blow with a blunt object .

what kind of object cause cintusion?

Bruises (contusionsرﺿوض ﻛدﻣﺎ ت

Definition : Extravasations of blood in tissues due to rupture of blood vessels caused by a blow with a blunt object .

cotusion

skin is intact

contused wound?

tear in the skin

what does bruised mean?

1- Bruises denote resistance or struggle e.g. rape and murder.

2- They usually occur at the site if trauma; but may gravitate down, along tissue planes, e.g. a blow on the scalp may → bruise of eye lids. Also a blow to the calf may find its way around the ankle.

3- They take the shape of the causal object

shifting bruise →

• direct punch to eye

• trauma at front of head

• fracture at base of skull

bruise and contusion

bruises + contusion

2 curved rows in human bite.

2 parallel rows in animal bite.

correct

Bruises ( contusions) →

• Elongated in injury by a stick (tramline or railway bruise).

• Curved around the body by a whip.

• Pinch: 2 identical small rounded bruises

• Hand slaps: multiple parallel linear bruises.

correct

Bruises ( contusions) →

• Elongated in

• Curved around

• Pinch:

• Hand slaps:

Bruises ( contusions) →

• Elongated in injury by a stick (tramline or railway bruise).

• Curved around the body by a whip.

• Pinch: 2 identical small rounded bruises

• Hand slaps: multiple parallel linear bruises.

A superficial bruise is slightly raised above the surface of the skin.

correct

A superficial bruise is

A superficial bruise is slightly raised above the surface of the skin.

A deep bruise may take 1-2 days to appear. Hence, a second examination 2 days later is needed to detect bruises in living persons

correct

bruises need to exained after how many days?

2 days

a second examination 2 days later is needed to detect bruises in living persons

correct

we can detect the bruises age

رانية بنت جميلة أوي

Age: From colour changes " healing " → Caused by disintegration of Hb of the effused blood

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

corrct

First 2 days;

After 2- 3 days;

After 2-3 days;

After 2-3 days;

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

رانية بنت جميلة أوي

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

رانية بنت جميلة أوي

The colour of bruises fades in 2-3 weeks. N.B.: Colour changes occur from the periphery to the center.

correct

the color start to fade from where?

The colour of bruises fades in 2-3 weeks. N.B.: Colour changes occur from the periphery to the center.

after 2 days of bruise? what color?

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

after 4 days of bruise? what color?

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

after 12 days of bruise? what color?

First 2 days; red " oxy Hb ".

After 2- 3 days; blue " reduced Hb ".

After 2-3 days; green " biliverdin "

After 2-3 days; yellow " bilirubin

when does the color of the bruise fade/disappear?

2 to 3 wks

- human bite

(human bite→ 2 curved lines of abrasions

-bite marks indicate violence, as in sexual crimes and child abuse.

correct

from traces of saliva we can detect ››› blood grouping (if secretor) and DNA typing

correct

people are 65% DNA secretors

correct

CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs

• Definition → these are due to drawing the edge of a sharp object on the skin e.g. knife, razor or broken glass

• character EDGE→ •Regular clean cut edges and sharp base except:
  a)Irregular object: broken glass.
  b)Corrugated skin: neck, axilla, wrist and scrotum.

• Bridges across the edges → No bridges (absent), and gaping

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges → absent

• Hair → sharply cut

• Bleeding → Free external bleeding (cut vessels)

• Sepsis → Less sepsis (minimal tissue destruction).

• Healing → Rapid with a thin scar (1ry intention).

→ Cut incised wounds are more long than deep.

correct

definiton of the CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs?

CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs

• Definition → these are due to drawing the edge of a sharp object on the skin e.g. knife, razor or broken glass

character of cut incised wound?

• character EDGE→ •Regular clean cut edges and sharp base except:
  a)Irregular object: broken glass.
  b)Corrugated skin: neck, axilla, wrist and scrotum.

• Bridges across the edges →

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges →

cut incised wound

• Bridges across the edges → No bridges (absent), and gaping

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges → absent

how are hair in CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs?

• Hair → sharply cut

• Bleeding → Free external bleeding (cut vessels)

• Sepsis → Less sepsis (minimal tissue destruction).

• Healing → Rapid with a thin scar (1ry intention).

is there any bleeding in CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs?

• Hair → sharply cut

• Bleeding → Free external bleeding (cut vessels)

• Sepsis → Less sepsis (minimal tissue destruction).

• Healing → Rapid with a thin scar (1ry intention).

how is sepsis?

• Hair → sharply cut

• Bleeding → Free external bleeding (cut vessels)

• Sepsis → Less sepsis (minimal tissue destruction).

• Healing → Rapid with a thin scar (1ry intention).

how the CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs heals?

• Hair → sharply cut

• Bleeding → Free external bleeding (cut vessels)

• Sepsis → Less sepsis (minimal tissue destruction).

• Healing → Rapid with a thin scar (1ry intention).

Cut wounds are more long than deep.

correct

Cut wounds are ??

Cut wounds are more long than deep.

CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs

• Definition →

• character EDGE→ •
  a)Irregular object: b
  b)Corrugated skin:

• Bridges across the edges →

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges →

• Hair →

• Bleeding →

• Sepsis →

• Healing →

CUT (INCISED) WOUNDs

• Definition → these are due to drawing the edge of a sharp object on the skin e.g. knife, razor or broken glass

• character EDGE→ •Regular clean cut edges and sharp base except:
  a)Irregular object: broken glass.
  b)Corrugated skin: neck, axilla, wrist and scrotum.

• Bridges across the edges → No bridges (absent), and gaping

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges → absent

• Hair → sharply cut

• Bleeding → Free external bleeding (cut vessels)

• Sepsis → Less sepsis (minimal tissue destruction).

• Healing → Rapid with a thin scar (1ry intention).

CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• Definition → Tearing or rupture of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to trauma with a heavy blunt object.

• character EDGE→ •Irregular lacerated edges except in areas of stretched skin over a bone e.g. scalp and shin of tibia.

• Bridges across the edges → •Present and no gaping

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges → •Present (seen by a hand lens).

• Hair → Crushed

• Bleeding → Less bleeding (crushed vessels) partly closed by bl. Clots

• Sepsis → More sepsis (severe tissue destruction) and blood clots.

• Healing →Delayed with a thick scar (2ry intention).

right

CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• Definition →

• character EDGE→

• Bridges across the edges → •

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges →

• Hair →

• Bleeding →

• Sepsis →

• Healing →

CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• Definition → Tearing or rupture of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to trauma with a heavy blunt object.

• character EDGE→ •Irregular lacerated edges except in areas of stretched skin over a bone e.g. scalp and shin of tibia.

• Bridges across the edges → •Present and no gaping

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges → •Present (seen by a hand lens).

• Hair → Crushed

• Bleeding → Less bleeding (crushed vessels) partly closed by bl. Clots

• Sepsis → More sepsis (severe tissue destruction) and blood clots.

• Healing →Delayed with a thick scar (2ry intention).

CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• Definition →

CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• Definition → Tearing or rupture of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to trauma with a heavy blunt object.

• haracter EDGE→

• Bridges across the edges → •

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges →

• CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• character EDGE→ •Irregular lacerated edges except in areas of stretched skin over a bone e.g. scalp and shin of tibia.

• Bridges across the edges → •Present and no gaping

• Abrasions and bruises at the edges → •Present (seen by a hand lens)

• Hair →

• Bleeding →

• Sepsis →

• Healing →

• CONTUSED (LACERATED) WOUNDS

• Hair → Crushed

• Bleeding → Less bleeding (crushed vessels) partly closed by bl. Clots

• Sepsis → More sepsis (severe tissue destruction) and blood clots.

• Healing →Delayed with a thick scar (2ry intention).

Age of cut wounds:

From healing by 1ry union: ❖ 12 h.; red & swollen edge.

correct

cut wound

no tissue bridging

if it was a contused wound?

tissue bridging

Cut wounds are characterized by the following, EXCEPT:

a. Free external bleeding.

Bridging of tissues.

c. Hairs at the edges are sharply cut.

d. Longer than deep.

Bridging of tissues.

contused wounds - tissue bridging

Stab Wounds

● Definition & Aetiology : – Wounds due to forcing a sharp-pointed object into the body, e.g. knife & dagger.

corrct

Stab wound →

Characters: The edges are cleanly cut. They are more deep than long. They are very dangerous due to internal injury, hemorrhage and sepsis.

correct

Stab wound characteristics

long short?
clean?
danger?

Stab wound →

Characters: The edges are cleanly cut. They are more deep than long. They are very dangerous due to internal injury, hemorrhage and sepsis.

sharp wound

They give an idea about the causal object ;

– It take the shape of object's cross section.

● 1 acute angle; single sharp-bladed as a knife → triangular in shape.

● 2 acute angles; double sharp – bladed as a dagger → fusiform in shape.

correct

sharp injury?

– It take the shape of object's cross section.

● 1 acute angle; single sharp-bladed as a knife → triangular in shape.

● 2 acute angles; double sharp – bladed as a dagger → fusiform in shape.

They give an idea about the causal object ;

– It take the shape of object's cross section.

● 1 acute angle; single sharp-bladed as a knife → triangular in shape.

● 2 acute angles; double sharp – bladed as a dagger → fusiform in shape.

The length of the wound equals the breadth of the weapon, but may be:-

● Smaller due to tissue retraction. .

● Longer, during withdrawal of weapon.

correct

Defense injuries These are injuries sustained by the victim to defend himself

correct

In case of hitting: there will be abrasion or bruises on the outer side of the forearm, back of hands and fingers that may be broken in an attempt by the victim to shield himself

correct

In case of hitting:

In case of hitting: there will be abrasion or bruises on the outer side of the forearm, back of hands and fingers that may be broken in an attempt by the victim to shield himself

in attacks by knife: The blade may be gripped by the victim, so that cut wounds may occur across the fingers and the palm

correct

Hesitation [Tentative] marks:

• Multiple superficial parallel cut wounds at beginning of incision indicate hesitation in suicidal wounds.

• As in case of a cut in the neck (carotid artery) and suicidal cut on the wrist (radial artery).

correct

Hesitation [Tentative] marks:

what is it?
is it parallel?

Hesitation [Tentative] marks:

• Multiple superficial parallel cut wounds at beginning of incision indicate hesitation in suicidal wounds.

• As in case of a cut in the neck (carotid artery) and suicidal cut on the wrist (radial artery

what is the most common hesitiation marks in suicide?

Hesitation [Tentative] marks:

• Multiple superficial parallel cut wounds at beginning of incision indicate hesitation in suicidal wounds.

• As in case of a cut in the neck (carotid artery) and suicidal cut on the wrist (radial artery