Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Review

A vocabulary-based review sheet covering the primary topics for Exam 1, including hormonal regulation, blood components, cardiac function, respiratory volumes, digestive processes, renal mechanics, and reproductive cycles.

Prolactin versus Oxytocin

Two hormones whose differences must be understood for the exam, typically involving milk production and milk ejection.

Insulin, Cortisol, and Glucagon

The group of hormones responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.

Thymus gland

The specific gland whose function is required knowledge for the hormone chapter of the exam.

Steroid hormones

Hormones that must be identified by their secretion site and origin.

Coagulation ion

The specific ion responsible for the process of blood clotting.

Blood proteins

Clotting factor proteins which are generally produced in the liver.

Red blood cell destruction

The physiological process whose anatomical location must be identified.

B cells and T cells

The two types of lymphocytes whose differences are a focus of the blood chapter.

Common pathway sequence

The big-picture sequence of events involved in the clotting process.

Cardiac output equation

The formula used to calculate heart performance, represented as $CO = HR imes SV$.

Cardiac control centers

The region of the brain, specifically the medulla, where heart regulation is controlled.

Frank Starling's law of the heart

The law describing the relationship between the volume of blood in the heart and the force of contraction.

Oncotic and hydrostatic pressures

The two types of pressures in the blood vessels that determine fluid movement.

Internal respiration

The gas exchange occurring between the blood and the tissue cells.

External respiration

The gas exchange occurring between the lungs and the blood.

Ventilation

The physical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Tidal volume

The volume of air moved during a normal breath measured by a spirometer.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of extra air — above a normal breath — exhaled during a forceful breath out.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The amount of extra air inhaled during a forceful breath in.

Surfactant

A substance in the lungs that decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.

Respiratory centers

The specific centers located in the brain that regulate the breathing rate and rhythm.

Gastrin, CCK, and Secretin

The three primary hormones of the digestive system.

Chylomicron

The form into which fat is converted in the epithelial cells before being picked up by a lacteal.

Lacteal

The lymphatic capillary responsible for picking up chylomicrons during fat absorption.

Proximal convoluted tubule

The specific part of the nephron where the majority of reabsorption takes place.

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAS)

The hormone mechanism and picture-based process involving blood pressure and fluid regulation.

Prophase I and Metaphase II

The two specific stages of arrest that occur during the process of oogenesis.

hCG

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, a hormone produced during pregnancy whose process must be known.

Spermatogenesis

The step-by-step process of sperm production involving spermatogonium, primary, and secondary stages.