Module 2: Psychological Perspectives of Self

The aspect of self that reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world is the __________ self.

I self.

The __________ self refers to individuals’ reflections about themselves, characterizing traits such as being smart or athletic.

Me self.

The Individual Self includes aspects that distinguish a person from others, such as their traits, abilities, and __________.

possessions.

The __________ Self reflects one’s interpersonal side and shared attributes with close friends and family.

Relational.

The __________ Self represents one's intergroup side and membership in valued social groups.

Collective.

The Material Self includes physical items one personally identifies with and encompasses possessions such as home and __________.

friends.

The Social Self consists of patterns of personal habits that form the __________ of our relationships.

mainstay.

The __________ Self is the individual’s inner and subjective being.

Spiritual.

Carl Rogers is known for his person-centered theory, which emphasizes the concepts of real self and __________ self.

ideal.

The __________ tendency refers to the evolution of all matter from simpler to complex forms.

Formative.

The __________ tendency involves the drive within humans to complete or fulfill their potentials.

Actualizing.

Self-actualization refers to the realization of one's __________ and personal experiences.

potential.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs includes levels such as physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and __________.

self-actualization.

The true self is based on authentic experience while the __________ self is a defensive façade.

false.

According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy refers to the confidence that one can perform behaviors that produce __________ outcomes.

desired.

The concept of __________ agency involves individuals’ reliance on others for goods and services.

proxy.

Freud proposed three levels of mental life: unconscious, preconscious, and __________.

conscious.

The id serves to satisfy basic desires and operates based on the __________ principle.

pleasure.

The superego represents the moral aspects of personality and consists of the conscience and __________.

ego-ideal.

The psychosexual stage that occurs during the first year of life, focusing on oral gratification, is called the __________ stage.

oral.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes that each stage is accompanied by a __________.

conflict.

In the industry vs. inferiority stage, a child may experience feelings of __________ if they struggle to accomplish tasks.

inferiority.

In the intimacy vs. isolation stage, the capacity to fuse one’s identity with another’s is termed __________.

intimacy.

Piaget's __________ stage focuses on the development of sensory functioning and motor movements.

sensorimotor.

Kohlberg's level of moral development where people are concerned with rewards and punishments is __________ morality.

preconventional.

At the conventional morality level, people view moral problems through the lens of their __________ in society.

membership.

Postconventional morality relies on general moral principles broader than those of any particular __________.

society.

The gap between the ideal self and self-concept indicates __________, which can lead to an unhealthy personality.

incongruence.

The self-concept includes aspects of one’s being and experiences that are perceived in __________.

awareness.

The state of incongruence between the real self and the ideal self often results in feelings of __________.

anxiety.

Social cognition theory emphasizes that the self is __________ and agentic in nature.

proactive.

Individuals can monitor their performance through the process of __________, which is key in self-regulation.

self-observation.