SAAT Biology Section 5.4 Vocabulary (Human Biology) - تحصيلي

Asthma

Respiratory pathways become irritated, bronchioles constrict

Bronchitis

Respiratory pathways become infected, resulting in coughing and production of mucus

Emphysema

Alveoli break down, resulting in reduced surface area needed for gas exchange with the alveolii’s blood capillaries

Pneumoia

Infection of the lung causes the alveoli to collect mucous material

Pulmonary tuberculosis

A specific baterium infects the lungs, resulting in less elasticity of the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli, thus decreasing effective gas exchange between the air and blood

Lung cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue can lead to a persistent cough, shortness of breath, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and can lead to death

Kidneys function

Maintain the blood PH and maintain homeostasis by getting rid of wastes and extra water

Execratory system

Collects the wast such as carbon dioxide that is produced by metabolism

Execratory system is made of

The lungs, skin, and the kidneys

The lungs excrete

CO2 and water vapor

The skin gets rid of

Minerals and excess water

The main execratory organs in the body

The kidneys

The kidneys are made of

The cortex and medulla

Cortex

Outer layer of the kidney

Medulla

Inner layer of the kidney

The area in the middle of the kidney is called

The pelvis

Glomerulus

A ball of capillaries that the blood enters nephrons through

Bowman’s capsule

Structure which surrounds the glomerulus

Renal artery

Transports blood, nutrients, and wastes to the kidney (then branches out into smaller capillaries until it reaches the capillaries)

Renal tubules

Leads to the loop of Henle and later to the connecting tube where the useful materials such as glucose are reabsorbed into the blood

Loop of Henle

Maximizes water and sodium chloride recovery, producing concentrated urine

Urine

Moves from collecting tube to the ureters and then to the bladder until it reaches the urethra

Nephritis

Inflammatory disease of the glomeruli that could lead to a kidney failure

Kidney stones

Hard deposits in the kidney; it could block out urine and lead to infection

Dialysis

Blood is filtered from the urea and creatinine by an artifical kidney in treatmeant for disease

Kidney transplant

Kidney is transferred from one person to another

Digestive system function

Breaking food, disgestion, absoption, and getting rid of wastes

Mouth function

Breaks food mechanically by breaking it into smaller pieces and it breaks food chemically by the enzyme amylase that breaks starch

Esophagus function

Muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach; it contracts and relaxes to move food down to the stomach

Stomach layers

Cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter, and chime

Cardiac sphincter

A ring muscle between the esophagus and the stomach

Pyloric sphincter

A ring muscle between the stomach and intestine

Chime

The digested food, a thick fluid that moves down to the small intestine

Where chime is made

In the stomach and continue to the small intestine

What the stomach contains

HCL (hydrochloric acid) with a PH of 2, and enzyme pepsin that helps protein digestion

Substances absorbed by the stomach cells

Alcohol and aspirin

The largest part of the digestive system

The small intestine

Small intestine function

Digested food is absorbed by villi

What connects to the duodenum for digestion

Pancreatic duct and bile duct

Duodenum

First, shortest, and most fixed section of the small intestine, connecting the stomach to the jejunum

Why the pancreatic duct and bile duct are important

To digest lipase for fats, protease and trypsin for proteins, pancreatic amylase for carbohydrates

Liver function

Produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and emulsifies fats which breaks large, fat globules into soluble droplets

Length of the large intestine

1.5 meters (5 feet)

What the large intestine contains

The colon, the rectum, and the appendix

Bacteria that live in the colon

E.coli and produce Vitamin B and K

Colon function

Absorbs water from chime and turns it into a solid waste that is later then eliminated through the rectum

Calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by one Celsius degree

Carbohydrates

Major source of energy (mono, di, and poly saccharides)

Lipids

The biggest source of energy in the body and provide protection to the body’s organs

Lipids help in

Storing and transporting vitamins A, D, E, K, and omega 3 and 6

Saturated fats

Usually solid in room temperature such as butter (animal fat)

Unsaturated fats

Usually liquid in room temperature such as olive oil (raise cholesterol levels in the blood)

Fats are digested in the small intestine and

Produce fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins

Main building units in all cells (made of amino acids)

What are made of proteins

Enzymes, some hormones, neurotransmitters, and membrane receptors

How much amino acids the human body needs

20 amino acids, 12 of them are made in the body

Vitamins

Oganic compounds (the body needs it in small portions to complete metabolic reactions)

Minerals

Inorganic elements which are important for the metabolic reactions in the body